A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature Essay

In Rabelais and His World, the formalist critic Mikhail Bakhtin makes the unmatched reference to Canada that appears in the body of his work. Discussing the French hu opusists comic rendering of Pantagruels northwesterly journey to the icy underworld, he points to the various levels of correspondence surrounded by Rabelaiss text (itself a parodic reworking of Dantes Divine Comedy) and Jacques Cartiers daybook account of his 1540 voyage to Canada.It was Cartiers colonial venture, Bakhtin suggests, that had a particularly tortuous and important erect on the European imagining of otro mundo the raw world (397-400). For Bakhtin, this effect was felt most tellingly on what might be surmount described as the implications of the Word in the Old World resourcefulness, for it was Cartiers disc everywherey of the revolutionary World that prompted an essential reconsideration of the intellectual and fantastic structures that had until this point guaranteed the Old World a confidence i n its lingual centrality and a certainty in its imaginative enterprise.So radical were the restructurings necessitated by this new information that by dint of and throughout the earliest explorations of the New World unit editions of journals and maps were destroyed or bought up and hidden because they were thought to disseminate the awry(p) kind of information (Huggan, 7) or, in the more than abstr spell sense, to speak the amiss(p) wording, spread the wrong Word. nonwithstanding as journeys and journals accumulated, so, too, did the nonions of Canada as a tangled new land and new talking to, as a site at which Old World and traditionally worded certainties were confronted by an openness of place that refused to be fixed, refused to accommodate its particularities and paradoxes to the tropes or metaphors privileged by familiar verbal codes. all(prenominal) journey across this new land became another imaginative affair of what were at once the knowable and the radically u nknowable realities of the place a number of the earliest cartographers had labeled, somewhat ominously, terra incognita the unkn avow land. Such mappings were not a luxury, as Margaret Atwood has observed, simply a necessity, for without the sense of certainty they provided, these early Canadians would not survive (Atwood, 18-9).Atwoods observations were not in themselves particularly revolutionary but were building on echoes of such notable antecedents as Northrop Frye, who saw in this confrontation both the source of our deep terror regarding the imminence of Canadian geography and of our national myths and mythic patterns (626), and Desmond Pacey, who delimitate the Canadian imagination as mainly a function of a collision between an imagination grounded fixedly in Old World quarrel and a geography so various and inescapably impressive that in itself it offers an inexhaustible dispute (437-44).More recently, W. H. New has invited a full rethinking of the most basic impairm ent of this challenge, suggesting that from Cartiers earliest contact the word land has to be seen as a particularly complex discursive terrain, a ground of list upon which an ongoing history of our relations with place and space plays out. As New suggests, Canada in this sense becomes a semiotic site at which speed vies recurrently with fluidity, position with positionality, the place of social residence with the condition of universe there. For Sheila Watson, the condition of being in the her The Double Hook (1959) is very much(prenominal) a process of image back on the assumptions and Words that waste traditionally been part of the foundation of Old World thought and action. set about with an inexhuastible challenge to survive, Watons characters open the novel trapped in silence, the doubling back of the spoken into the allowhal pits-and-snares of the unspoken or, worse still, into the morass of the neer utter. And is it is in this doubling back of oral communication t hat Watsons characters relegate themselves subordinate not once (on the self-glorifications of protective silence) but twice, by the fear in which silence finds its most solid footing. The Double Hook opens with an act of matricide, an act that is itself a doubling back to (re)collect both classic (the story of Orestes, for instance) and scriptural (1 Timothy) allusions for use in this new land. It is the most profoundly un-natural doubling, as son erases his own origin, his own naming, his own source.At the same time, it is an act that resonates deep through a family that lives suspended in silence and that includes among its various acts of abandon the suicide of Greta, who remains dumb despite her impulse to use her part to shatter all memory of the girl who had stayed too long (32) and the blatant of Kip, a young boy who attempts to speak of and against the repressiveness shaping his vale home. But as Watson reveals, this Canadian place is a one in which any(prenominal) mo ve to double away from the exhaustive struggle to find language is often a fatal slide.As the character known exactly as the Widows boy shouts in response to the frenzy erupting in the silences around him Can a man speak to no one because hes a man? Who says so? Ive held my tongue when I should have used my voice same(p) an hack to cut down the wall between us (116). The boys emphasis here is crucial, for what Watson demands to here in her Canadian place is not the language of another or the displacing silence of the fearful but a radical and potent questioning of the potentialities of a language that can feel out the freedoms that Cartier and others had (en)visioned for this place.As Barbara Godard explains, Watson remains sensitive eternally to the thinness and inarticulateness of modern language (153) and is always in search of ways to disturb the readers ceremonious consciousness of actors line and their so-called corresponding realities (153). Watsons warning, and her p ractice in The Double Hook, is for the need to interrogate language in the modern world, to express language back doubled onto itself as a act of demythologizing and dismantling Watsons novel proposes in its own writing an understanding of language and honesty that finds its most profound articulation in the doubling onto itself of language itself.In this doubling back of language upon itself, another act of murdering ones origins, Watson signals her departure from realistic verisimilitude (154) and from the strictures that bound, not freed, Cartier and subsequent explorers, to the language of their realities and their worlds. In the fold of the hills / under Coyotes eye (11) language begins to step up its energies, unfold its potentials to mean beyond the literal into the circular encounterings of allusion and echo and irony.When pile flees his ranch on horseback following the murder of his own mother, he becomes, briefly, a perverted image of the classic Western hero locomot e off into the sunset and silence of the horizon. But as he concisely recognizes, his is not a semiotic site located in that constitution in his place, in his language, a person only escapes in circles no matter how far the rope spins. In other words (in new words), he must double back and begin to fill the silence, to down the double back language (silence) that has reified around the edges of his folded vale.In his doubling back, he must meet again with Felix, a character whose own languages the dialect of the valley, the ritualized formality of religion, the silken transcendence of music has itself been emptied of meaning, reduced to cliche He approveed If a bitch crept in by my stove would I let her fall on the hot iron of it? Ive got no words to clear a woman off my bench. No words keep out Keep moving, scatter, get-the-hell-out. His mind sifted ritual phrases. Some half forgotten. Youre welcome. regorge your horse in. Pull up. Ave Maria.Benedictus fructus ventris. In troibo. Introibo. The beginning. The whole thing to live again. Words said over and over here by the stove. His father knowing them by heart. Gods servants. The priests servants. The cup lifting. The bread breaking. dominie non sum dignus. Words coming. The last words. (41) Doubling back into his own languages through words ritualized and words said over and over, Felix lives, in this bit, trapped like James, forever in the ellipses of the half forgotten and in the promise, always frustrated, of words coming. In the end, though, it is Felix, with the assistance of Kip, who brings the novel back from the creases of its own doubling, back to the glory of language made substantive with its own resonant doubleness, allowing it to be both glory and fear, articulation and reflection, the said and the unsaid. It is Felix, who steps to the side of Angel in the moment of her deliverance to assist in the miracle, and who, even the new mother admits, didnt do bad for a man Especially for a man who never raised a hand to help one of his own mares in foal (116).Fishing with Kip in the now meaningful silence that follows the birth, there is a conversation between the two generations of valley men during which the older mans sense of responsibility and wonder serves as a corrective to the younger ones mistrust and fear When a shack of full of women, Kip said, and one of them Angel, its best for a man to take his rest among the willows. When a house is full of women and children, Felix said, a man has to get something for their mouths. (117)Caught again in a silence, Kip pauses to reflect on Felixs refocusing of the valley, his doubling of the reality of the presence in the house (and children) that effectively reinscribes community over isolation, family over individual. When Kip speaks again, it is to accept his role in the branding that had scarred his construction I keep thinking about James, Kip said. I kept at him like a dog till he parry around the way a por cupine beats with his tail (117). Pausing momently before he answers, Felix slips past the ritual responses, the formulaic platitudes that have defined him in the past.Rather than parable or vulgar dismissal, he engages the younger man with a reflection upon Jamess burden and, more importantly, a question that at once engages Kip but excessively looks to his future in the valley James got more than a porcupine has to answer for, he said. Howre you going to pick up a living now? To pick up living in the valley is, as Angel makes clear when she names her new baby Felix, is through the model of the older man, who passes on the will to speak and the will to be heard to a valley.Moving beyond language into make out, and through love back to harmony and rebirth, Felix reimagines the silence of the valley, shaping its contours with words and allowing the connecting moments of quiet to mull over with meaning, to double back into the words of the father-figure in order to find a path to the future. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. Survival A Thematic conduce to Canadian books. Toronto Anansi, 1972. Frye, Northrop. Literary History of Canada. Toronto U of Toronto P, 1965. Godard, Barbara.Between One banality and Another Language in The Double Hook. Studies in Canadian Literature 3 (1978) 149-65. Huggan, Graham. Territorial Disputes Maps and Mapping Strategies in Contemporary Canadian and Australian Fiction. Toronto U of Toronto P, 1994. New, W. H. Land Sliding Imagining Space, Presence, and Power in Canadian Writing. Toronto U of Toronto P, 1997. Pacey, Desmond. The Canadian Imagination. The Literary Review 8 (1965) 437-44. Watson, Sheila. The Double Hook. 1959. Toronto McClelland and Stewart, 1989.

Chopra & Meindl

1. Consider a supermarket deciding on the coat of its substitution order from Proctor & Gamble. What equals should it mesh into account when qualification this decision? The main price categories for the supermarkets list policy ar material be, ordering costs, and holding costs. Material cost is the money nonrecreational to Proctor and Gamble for the goods themselves. Ordering costs, likewise called procurement costs, argon incurred by requesting the goods from the supplier and are stubborn in the wizard that they do non vary with the size of the order.Examples of such fixed costs are the fag out required to place the order, handle the resultant account recreate and the conveyance of title fee to air the order. The holding cost is the cost to carry one unit in history for a specified plosive speech sound of time, usually one year. This cost is variable and includes the cost of capital and all of the costs associated with physically storing inventory shrinka ge, spoilage or obsolescence, insurance, the cost of capital, the cost of the wareho expenditure space, etc. 2. debate how various costs for the supermarket change as it lowers the diff physical exercise size consistent from Proctor & Gamble. As the located up reactor size ordered from the supplier decreases, the holding cost (variable with respect to dowry size) decreases. As the lot size decreases, the ordering cost remains the same, but the one-year ordering cost will rise since the total number of orders each year must outgrowth. As the lot size decreases, the cost of the materials will drop on a per-order basis but will stay the same on an annual basis since total annual expect hasnt changed.The ejection to this occurs if the supplier has a price break for an order size to a higher place a certain threshold in this case the cost of the goods expertness increase if the reduced order size is non sufficient to introduction a substantial per unit discount. 3. As posit at the supermarket train grows, how would you expect the speech rhythm inventory measured in days of inventory to change? Explain. As the demand at the supermarket image grows, we would expect the cycle inventory as measured in days of inventory to also increase, although the increase in cycle inventory is wholly 40% of the increase in demand.This is because the relationship between the optimum lot size Q* and the annual demand D is pic. Since D is under the radical, its doubling to 2D does not translate to a jump from a Q* to a 2Q* order it translates to a jump from a Q* to a 1. 4Q* order. 4. The manager at the supermarket wants to decrease the lot size without increasing the costs he incurs. What serves can he take to hit his objective? One action would be to simply decrease the lot size and let the robust nature of the EOQ model work its magic.The total cost curve on either side of the optimal order quantity, the Q*, is relatively flat, so movements in either direct ion brace little impact on total annual procurement and carrying costs. If great cuts in lot size are desired, the manager can amount of money multiple products in a single order. Recall that the EOQ model is found on a one-product-at-a-time assumption if multiple products are aggregated, then the fixed procurement cost is spread over all of the items and dramatic lot size reductions are possible.If the same products are being ordered by another supermarket in the same range of mountains (or at least by stores that are willing to cooperate) the combined orders can be delivered by a single truck making multiple stops, thereby reducing transportation expense. Other techniques that should be deployed when aggregating across product lines include advanced cargo ships notices and RFID tags that will make inventory tracking and warehouse management simpler. 5. When are quantity discounts justified in a bring out chain? metre discounts are justified in a write out chain as long as they are the fruits of a coordinated write out chain and maximize total supply chain profits. For good products for which price is set by the market, makers with large fixed costs per lot can use lot size- base quantity discounts to maximize total supply chain profits. 6. What is the conflict between lot size-based and volume-based quantity discounts? Lot size discounts are based on the quantity procured per lot, not the rate of secure.Lot size-based discounts tend to elevator cycle inventory in the supply chain by load-bearing(a) retailers to increase the size of each lot. Lot size-based discounts make sense exactly when the manufacturer incurs a very high fixed cost per order. For commodity products for which price is set by the market, manufacturers with large fixed costs per lot can use lot size-based quantity discounts to maximize total supply chain profits. Volume discounts are based on the rate of purchase or volume purchased per specified time period. Volume-based di scounts are compatible with shrimpy lots that reduce the cycle inventory.If the manufacturer does not incur a very high fixed cost per order, it is better for the supply chain to have volume-based discounts. For products for which a quick has market power, volume-based discounts can be utilise to achieve coordination in the supply chain and maximize supply chain profits. 7. Why do manufacturers such as Kraft and Sara lee say trade promotions? What impact do trade promotions have on the supply chain? How should trade promotions be structured to maximize their impact piece minimizing the additional cost they impose on the supply chain?Manufacturers use trade promotions to offer a discounted price and a time period over which the discount is effective. The goal of manufacturers such as Kraft and Sara Lee is to influence retailers to act in a way that helps the manufacturer achieve its objectives. These objectives whitethorn include increased sales, a shifting of inventory from m anufacturer to retailer, and defense against the competition. Trade promotions may cause a retailer to proceed through some or all of the promotion to customers to spur sales, which increases sales for the entire supply chain.What happens more frequently in practice is that retailers may choose to pass through very little of the promotion to customers, purchase in greater quantities, and hold this cheaper inventory in greater quantities. This action increases both cycle inventory and flow times within the supply chain. Trade promotions should be structured such that a retailers optimal response benefits the entire supply chain, i. e. , retailers limit their forward acquire and pass along more of the discount to end customers.If the manufacturer has put in excessive inventory, then a trade promotion may will sufficient incentive to the buyer to forward buy, thus drawing inventories stilt to an appropriate level. The manufacturer may be able to smooth demand by shifting it to a period of anticipated low demand with a trade promotion. Research has shown that trade promotions by the manufacturer are effective for products with high deal elasticity that ensures high pass-through (passing the discount on to the consumer) and high holding costs that ensure low forward buying, paper goods being the poster child for this combination.Trade promotions are also more effective with strong brands relative to weak brands and may make sense as a competitive response. 8. Why is it appropriate to include only the incremental cost when estimating the holding and order cost for a firm? The cycle inventory models discussed in the chapter are robust thus incremental (variable) costs per lot size are more important than costs that are fixed with respect to lot size. The labor component of procurement or setup costs may be salaried therefore changes in lot size do not impact this component.

What Is Your Definition of Leadership?

In my view, lead is the ability to inspire and inspire parkwealth large for them to be willing to participate and get involved towards the achievement of a common goal. I see lead as a make which flock be im turn pop over time and experience, but sole(prenominal) by some nonp aril who has some innate attractionship competences. In ascertain what leadership means to me, I decided to analyse two distinguish open leadership cases. I will foremost discuss and analyse Nelson Mandelas leadership dah, which appeared to be in general transformational.I will try to demonstrate how Nelson Mandela proved that leadership was a two-way process between the leader and his followers, and how polar it is for a leader to be respected and admired by his followers in order for him to be hard-hitting. In addition, a leader call for to be trustworthy, ardent and utilize to achieving a shared objective. More importantly, a good leader will abandon his subordinates erst he achieve d a personal goal. Throughout this es assert, I will try to support my opinion be that, efficient leadership lies somewhere in between the trait and the style approaches whilst taking into account the situational approach.In my opinion, non everyone can be a leader, but if someone is meant to be one, leadership skills need to be acquire and change over time and altered according to different situations. If not born a leader, one can only become one to a certain and limited extent, as we will see in Barack Obamas case. President Obama first started as an grantd inspirational and passionate leader, who people admired, respected and wanted to join. However, a few years afterwards his election, it seems equivalent his glory days are behind him, and that he isnt the leader he employ to be anymore.It might appear that once he was elected chairman, and his personal goal has been achieved, Obama didnt fight as hard for his subordinates as he did for his personal satisfaction. His lack of conference and inspirational speeches seem to acquire considerably damaged his reputation as a leader. It appears that Obama gave Americans too high hopes that he wasnt able to keep up with and fulfil, creating a wave of disappointment among his supporters. It seems to me that Barack Obama was a great leader end-to-end his c group Aaign, but that once elected, he was lacking some crucial leadership skills required as a President.In fact, one could argue that he wasnt born a leader. In contrast to Nelson Mandela, he was only able to be a leader to a certain extent, his apogee being during his presidential campaign. By chip vigorously against apartheid, Nelson Mandela rapidly became an iconic enrol of resistance in South Africa, and was thereafter acknowledged as the roughly significant black leader South Africa had ever known. He devoted his life to fighting against racism and apartheid in South Africa and for peace.However his life objectives were not personal satisfa ctions, but satisfactions of his supporters. He fought for their freedom and well-being before fighting for his own. In fact, he never compromised his political position even to call up his freedom. He could have backed down after being released from the Robben Island prison house in 1990 (after 27 years of cruel imprisonment), after being awarded the Nobel quiet Prize in 1993 or even after becoming president in 1994. Yet he didnt, and continued to fight for his peoples freedom and rights.Nelson Mandela has always demonstrated some legendary listening skills which are essential to being an efficient democratic leader. Indeed, he learned at a very young age from his guardian how listening to others was a vital skill in effective leadership. In fact, his guardian used to listen to everyones opinions first while remaining silent, before control the group to reach a consensus (Stengel, 1994). Therefore, one could argue that Mandelas effective democratic or participative leadership st yle was greatly inspired by his childhood experience.Throughout his life as a leader, Nelson Mandela always encouraged people to share their ideas and opinions, to which he carefully listened before making the final decision. This way, he managed to get people to be more engaged and devoted to a particular cause, leading to higher productivity towards their goals achievement (Lewin, K. , Liippit, R. and White, R. K. 1939). Moreover, by unveiling the debate and being the last one to speak, he also gains a considerable advantage, as he is the one to close the argument.He also courteous other leadership skills through with(predicate) his personal experience of being a cattle herder When you want to get a herd to go along in a certain direction, you stand at the back with a stick. Then a few of the more energetic cattle persist to the front and the rest of the cattle follow. You are really guiding them from behind. That is how a leader should do his work (Stengel, 1994, Nelson Mand ela The making of a leader, snip Magazine, may 9th 1994). Thus, even before being in any position of leadership, Nelson Mandela revealed himself as a born leader.We can consequently shine that the Traits approach is germane(predicate) to efficient leadership. Indeed, Mandela seems to have been born with some essential traits that characterize a leader. Known as the main-man in South Africa, he was charismatic, influential, sociable, intelligent, alert, persistent, responsible, self-confident, and ready to assume the consequences of his decisions, as he did by going to jail. Thus Mandela innate leadership style clearly corresponds to Stogdills characteristics of the Traits approach (Stogdill, 1948).Moreover, Nelson Mandela was also widely pass judgment as a transformational leader, as he was able to inspire and instigate his supporters to work towards a common goal through the power and forcefulness of his vision and personality. He strongly engaged with his followers, and mad e them aware of what achieving a particular goal meant (Barbuto, 2005 Barnett, McCormick & Conners, 2001 Gellis, 2001). As James MacGregor Burns (1978) firstly introduced it, transformational leadership is when leaders and followers maker each other to affirm to a higher level of moral and motivation. In addition, according to Bernard M.Basss Transformational Leadership Theory (1985), transformational leaders are trusted, respected and admired by their followers. Thus, as Nelson Mandela clearly gathered trust, respect and admiration among his supporters, we can translate that his leadership style also corresponded to the transformational one. In fact, Nelson Mandela didnt sharpen his leadership skills from anywhere, he was a natural leader and his skills came intuitively. He was born a leader and refined his skills with the personal experiences he gained over the years, which enabled him to effectively adapt to various situations.He strongly believed in consensus and knew how to empower his subordinates and motivate them to achieving a common objective. His legendary success as a leader was also mainly due to the fact that he was seen as approachable compassionate and honest. Yet, he was undeniably respected and admired for his courage, his wisdom and his determination. On the other hand, Barack Obama, whose presidential campaign aroused unrecorded enthusiasm, hope and inspiration, seems to have unexpectedly foil his followers once elected President of the United States of America.Indeed, during his campaign, Barack Obama astonished everyone with his unexpected inspirational, passionate and enthusiastic speeches. Who doesnt remember his Yes we can speech abandoned in New Hampshire in 2008? At the time, it seemed manage Obama had all it took to be a great leader, he had a strong charisma, was motivated, inspired and seeking to achieve a common goal, thus showing many aspects of a Transformational as well as Charismatic leader. However, soon after his election, his supporters put together themselves disillusioned by their Presidents leadership skills.They felt like his motivation and enthusiasm had faded away, and that he wasnt the inspirational leader he used to be. Obama was effective as a leader during his campaign, at one place and time, but became unsuccessful as soon as the situation and the factors around him changed, due to his rigidity and inability to adapt to contextual changes. Thus, Obama can clearly be related to Fiedlers Contingency theory, as he became ineffective as soon as the factors around him changed.Unlike Nelson Mandela, Barack Obama seems to be more of an educated leader, who cultivated most of his leadership skills from Columbia and Harvard universities, therefrom embracing the style approach which suggests that his behaviour of leader is distinct from his personality. In fact, Obama never appeared as a born leader, with innate leadership skills, and had no particular leadership experience, when he beca me President. Critics of Barack Obama emphasize the fact that his lack of leadership has already been demonstrated in various scenarios.Most of his supporters criticize his lack of communication and his invisibility. They feel somehow deserted and let down by the man who not long ago, aroused their highest hopes. Even the Democrats now acknowledge his lack of presence Dems say privately Obama is invisible, not a leader. (Joe Scarborough, 2011). i would have thought that Barack Obamas leadership skills would have had improved as he gained in experience as a President, yet it looks like his apogee as a leader what during his campaign and that since then the leadership part of him is disappearing.In fact, Barack Obama brought only a few, if any, leadership skills into his presidency, and has deceivingly developed no(prenominal) after almost 3 years of experience (Kelly OConnell, 2011). As a President, Obama has espoused a delegating and passive leadership style, which wasnt the best style to adopt in a period of deep crisis, when intentness and stir up decision-making skills were required, thus clearly lacking some situational leadership skills (David Brooks, 2011). Barack Obama consequently appeared as the wrong man for the situation, and not the erson America needed, due to his lack of toughness, whim and determination. The Presidential candidate who was known for his grand enthusiasm and his passion seems to have vanished to make room to a President who got overwhelmed by his job and ran out of ideas shortly after taking office (David Frum, 2011 David Brooks, 2011). It became vague in Obamas supporters minds whether he was the turnaround leader America needed or not (Michael Watkins, Thursday January 22, 2009, Can Obama lead the Great American Turnaround? Harvard patronage review). According to Michael Watkins, Obama demonstrated more Steward Attributes than Hero Attributes, which were vital considering the wisdom of the crisis. Undoubtedly, President Obama was more conservative, diplomatic and supportive than visionary, directive and charismatic. To conclude, we can say that the difference between Nelson Mandelas and Barack Obamas leadership style is striking.Nelson Mandela, can be acknowledged as a born leader who improved his leadership skills throughout his experience as a countrys leader, whereas Barack Obama tends to be more of an educated leader, who couldnt keep up with his billet expectations. One was able to adapt to situational changes and prove himself as a trustworthy leader fighting for his people when the other disappointed his followers by suddenly disappearing through a lack of communication and perseverance to achieve the set common goals, thus generating a common judgement of abandonment.In my opinion, these two cases reinforce my proposition of a leaders definition, as we clearly saw that leadership skills should be innate and improved through time to make an effective leader. Moreover, by observing Mandela s and Obamas leadership cases, we saw how an efficient leader must constantly motivate and inspire his followers to achieving a common objective that should be kept in mind and should remain the main focus of the leader as well as the followers.Clearly, without the support of his followers, a leader cannot achieve anything. Thus, as I suggested it, leadership is a two-way process in which the farm of relationships between the two parties is essential, as recognized by Peter Northouse (2010). References Barbuto, 2005 Barnett, McCormick & Conners, 2001 Gellis, 2001 Bass,B. M,(1985). Leadership and Performance. N. Y, Free Press Brooks, David (June 28, 2011), Convener in Chief, The New York Times, N. Y variant pA23. Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. N. Y Harper and Raw.Fiedler, F. E. (1967) A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness, New York McGraw-Hill Frum, David (June twenty-eighth 2011), Obama is his own worst Enemy, http//www. frumforum. com/obama-is-his-own-worst-enemy, accessed t he 07/01/12 Lewin, K. , Liippit, R. and White, R. K. (1939). Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally created social climates. Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 271-301 Northouse, P. G. (2010), Leadership theory and practice (5th edition) yard Oaks, Sage. OConnell, Kelly, Sunday, July 31, 2011 , www. canadafreepress. om obamas leadership style is classic liberalism no vision+ peach incompetence = total failure accessed the 05/01/12 Stengel, 1994, Nelson Mandela The making of a leader, Time Magazine, May 9th 1994 Stogdill, R. M. , 1948. Personal factors associated with leadership A survey of the literature. Journal of Psychology. 25 35-71. Watkins, Michael (Thursday January 22nd, 2009), Can Obama lead the Great American Turnaround? Harvard business review, http//blogs. hbr. org/watkins/2009/01/the_great_american_turnaround. html, accessed the 07/02/12

India automobile industry Essay

Is this the worst closure for the automobile industry that youve witnessed? The sales of petrol-fuelled simple machines have been declining calendar month after month and it went unnoticed. However, diesel car sales started declining only since the plump six months. Sales of petrol cars have been declining for the past two years. This is sure the worst period, I cant think of any period in recent history thats been anything like this. The correction thats happening flat is of diesel-powered car sales.If you look back at the diesel car sales, it had a very rapid growth. Beginning of 2011, growth has been very high, till the end of last year. Carmakers had expanded capacity. There is now not much attraction for diesel cars with increasing fuel prices. There has been pregnant cut-back in petrol car production, but the cut-back in diesel car production was seen only from last month. Analysts are talking about a huge inventory pile-up at stockyards and dealerships. Is this one of the major reasons for plant leave off downs? Shut downs are happening, because there is no point producing cars which are not selling.If I have a capacity to sell 40,000 cars and the demand at once in the market is for only 30,000 cars, what do I do now? I have to scale back production. I have two ways of doing it. Either I reduce production each solar day by 25% or movement on less long time and produce 25% less. It is more economical to choose the second option, to work for a fewer number of age at maximum capacity. Because this willing help reduce overheads such as electricity, transport, water charges, etc. dole out of money goes into these. What companies are doing is working for a fewer number of days but at maximum capacity on those days.

The Causes of the Collapse of the Bretton Woods System

When U. S. President Richard Nixon officially ended the defending of U. S. fortunate by the bills standard ashes in 1971, the noble seeks of the Bretton timber delegates finally ended. . This paper provide demonstrate the causes of the death of the Bretton woodwind transcription Some have blamed it on the changing situation of the inter guinea pig sparing governance advance(prenominal)(a)s blamed it on the failure of the outline itself. We will explore the Bretton woods transcription, its ideals and contradictions, in an attempt to discern what indeed went wrong.Fixing the supersede rate amid the U. S. dollar sign and different currencies was doomed to failure because of various principles of macrostintings which will be analyzed herein. How eer, in spite of its failures, the Bretton wood system played a crucial use in the economic development of Europe and japan in the decades now after knowledge domain warfare II.Its original purpose was the economic ref ormation of Europe and Japan, and in this, the Bretton Woods brass was indeed triple-crown. The collapse of the Bretton Woods System in 1971 could be traced to a number of reasons. The most chief(prenominal) of these was the increasing flip imbalance of the U.S. deliverance. The Cold War between the unify States and the USSR drained the U. S. Treasury, leading to deficit spending, and a surge in imports.In particular, the Vietnam War became a veritable b inadequacy hole of runaway spending. Furthermore, the rehabilitated economies of Europe and Japan soon made up for lost ground, and caught up to the united States parsimony. The U. S. economic formation, boom throughout the Fifties and Sixties, finally reached the point of deficit in the untimely 1970s. At this time, the U. S. started to experience bulky cash outf downcast to the inhabit of the human being.This was sure enough instrumental in the collapse of the Bretton Woods System, but non the besides reason. A imprimatur reason for the end of the Bretton Woods System was the lack of autonomy to primary(prenominal)tain its workings. As the U. S. bills came to a crisis in the early 1970s, the System collapsed. The Inter innate monetary bloodline (IMF), the authority to control the bills wad rate, had no power to stop the System from collapsing, and the System later spiraled out of control.The powerlessness of the IMF was due to the lack of autonomy of the U.S. currency restraint based on the gold standard. In this paper, we will show that these reasons were the main causes of the end of the Bretton Woods System, by analyzing the economic data and considering the economists and historians arguments. The origin of the Bretton Woods System will be explored to clarify the theory behind the System. Additionally, we will review the land thriftiness of the 1950s, when the Bretton Woods System was working effectively, and equality it to the world economy of the 1960s, when the System b egan to lose effectiveness.The comparison is necessary to practice to the question why the Bretton Woods System became ineffective although it was functional at the beginning. This paper will also analyze the structure of the Inter areaal financial memory, to see how that too was instrumental in bringing the Bretton Woods System to its close. It is important to understand how the IMF had been trying to standardize the currency until 1973, the year in which the world transferred to the throw currency system from a pegged change over rate system.The United Nations Monetary and Financial group, better known as the Bretton Woods Conference, was a meeting among 730 delegates representing the 45 Allied nations of the fleck domain War. The group discussion was held at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New H international ampereshire. The conference followed the culmination of the Second World War and convened from July 1 to July 22, 1945. The purpose of the delegates at this Conference was to establish a saucilyborn global economic recite following(a) the trauma of the war, non simply a re-hash of the world economic system of the 1930s.Most economists agreed that that system had not been efficient during the period between world wars. Depression hit the United States in 1929, and recession gripped the world economy in the thirties. While some nations let their currencies float, differents set a form _or_ system of government of pegging their currency to gold or other currency. This system had outbreaks of competitive devaluation. In order to keep their reserve at a high level, governments introduced replace control, restricted the use of foreign currency and imposed higher tariffs barriers to cook the volume of imports.World trade declined because of these restrictions, and the world faced very slow economic recovery in the 1930s. Delegates at the Bretton Woods Conference worked to revamp these short-sighted, sumptuary policies. They ma t up the need to establish economic institutions which would transform the world economy into a vigorous-oiled machine, one which promoted worldwide trade for all countries..The delegates created common chord study structures the external Monetary Fund (IMF) the International Bank for Reconstruction and study (IBRD) or the World Bank and the International Trade Organization (ITO). However, in 1950, the U.S. Congress nixed the formation of the ITO, and it never got off the ground. In place of the ITO, a treaty was agreed upon by most of the world economic powers and the rest of the world.The treaty was commonly known as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which took over the ITO ideology. The other two institutions, IMF and the World Bank, were to take righteousness of being the bi-pillar system of the Post-Second World War global economy. The purpose of the World Bank was to promote development, and that of the International Monetary Fund was to maintain order i n the international monetary system.The delegates of the Bretton Woods Conference based the new global economic structure on a code of what they felt to be economic fairness. This code related to a global governing of rooted(p) but adjustable exchange grade. This system of adjustable rate was designed to implement equity on a world economic scale. The adjustable fixed rate provided exchange rate stability in the short run, just akin the gold standard system. At the alike time, it also allowed the possibility to adjust the exchange rate when a national balance of payment is in a crucial state of disequilibrium.However, the failing of this adjustable exchange system was that it lacked the stability, the certainty of the gold standard and the tractability of the flexed exchange rate regime. Despite the demerits of this currency exchange mechanism, the Bretton Woods System worked fairly well in the 1950s and early 1960s. The adjustable-fixed exchange was successful in increasing international trade and supporting the recovery of the economy in Europe and Japan.The system resulted in the per rate system, under which currencies of the penis countries were fixed within 1% of the value of the U.S. dollar, which was pegged to the value of gold. With this system, the IMF was successful between 1946 and 1966, although it had its kinks. The Bretton Woods delegates hastened the integration of the world economy, but they could not so tardily achieve a smooth currency exchange system, because the destruction of the Second World War was too massive to recover without unilateral swear out such as discarding the pegged exchange rate system. Some nations set up their own restrictions on trade and currency exchange so that the IMF could not get those countries into the world currency system.Moreover, the ruined European nations requested massive caudexing from the IMF until 1950. In spite of IMF mistakes, the global economy progressed after 1951. The Fund successfully spread its economic activities to all members, not just to the fund users. However, after 1966, the world economy changed substantially once again. The puzzles inherent in the Bretton Woods System started to be exposed gradually in the mid-1960s. Richard N. Cooper, in his book The International Monetary System, listed the features of the Bretton Woods System as well its contradictions..The first characteristic of the system was that member countries of the Bretton Woods System would settle their own domestic economic policies. This permitted autonomy of domestic economies, enabling nations to act their own internal economic objectives, such as assuring low inflation or achieving the natural unemployment rate. The second feature of the Bretton Woods System, accord to Cooper, was that the U. S. currency be pegged to gold. The third feature was that other nations adopted the adjustable-exchange range system.Cooper argues that these three features of the Bretton Woods System contra dicted each other Countries could not kind their national economic policies independently and still maintain fixed exchange pass judgment and currency convertibility except by luck and coincidence. That potential action was recognized by the Bretton Woods architects Cooper suggests that to fix these contradictions, the creators of the system, the delegates, added two elements. wholeness was the establishment of the IMF, and the other was altering exchange rates under the configuration that a nation comes to a severe economic imbalance.According to Cooper, the Bretton Woods System architects assumed that new gold production coming into monetary militia would be an ample supply to fuel adequate growth. The US dollar, they yet assumed, would be able to provide for the required liquidity to keep the exchange rate at the fixed level. However, until the 1970s, growth in the global gold demand had been increasing faster than new gold production. World monetary reserves outside the U nited States sum upd by $54 billion, a 4. 5 per cent per annum growth rate.United States gold reserves departed to other countries to the tune of $9 billion, term only $4 billion came from new gold production. Foreign exchange, which was overwhelmingly in dollars as the medium of choice, supplied $30 billion of the growth in reserves. Additionally, the IMF started, in 1970, to provide Special picture Rights (SDRs), which is the new type of international reserve additions generally called paper dollars. U. S. gold reserves declined dramatically during this period because its stock of gold had gone to ofttimes of the rest of the world.The reasons for this exodus of American capital were complicated and controversial. Military expenditures winding with the Cold War and the Vietnam War predominate. As the result of heightened expenditures, the United States time-tested to increase its money supply regardless of being able to back it up with gold reserves. The rest of the world acc umulated these lost U. S. reserves until the beginning of the 1970s, which caused uncertainty in the value of the US dollar itself. The second reason for the exodus of U. S. capital was that the European and Japanese economies had caught up to the United States economy.Due to the increased economic clout of revived nations, the United States began suffering from the trade deficit. European nations and Japan were taking advantage of the underestimated set of their currency, enabling them to increase the volume of their exports. The United States suffered because of the high price of the dollar relative to other currencies. after accumulation of the wealth, European countries and Japan embarked on converting reserve surpluses into dollar reserves. They practiced this policy because of the interest that could be earned on U. S. dollars.Moreover, if it ever became necessary the U. S. dollar could be converted to gold. These were miscalculations of the International Monetary Fund creato rs.. In these ways, the Bretton Woods economic structure was undermined, as the nominal price and real value of U. S. currency came into conflict. In 1970, in order to doctor the system, the IMF introduced a new international reserve asset. Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) were expect to supplement the other components of global reserves, i. e. U. S. dollars and gold. The need for liquidity in the international monetary system was the reason for the creation of SDRs.In 1970, when the SDRs were first allocated, the United States had the largest share, totaling about(predicate) $867 million, followed by the United Kingdom, at $410 million. According to Acheson, A fuss is the prospect of conflict over the amount of SDRs to be created. The development of the new asset system was eventually unsuccessful. Richard Harper argues that the failure of IMF came from a fundamental problem within the system itself. The problem, he scans, is that a fixed exchange-rate system requires national g overnments to arrange their monetary policy in problematic ways.If, for instance, one nation has continuously higher inflation rate than others, it cannot compete in the world market, and its citizens would be buying more expensive imported products, leading to trade deficits. Therefore, the government has to be adjusting to its trading partners all the time. Harper goes on to say that under the pre-1914 gold standard system, there would no such problem because the inflation rate would spill over to the countries around it and achieve a convergence. By contrast, under the par value system, the mechanism of self-converging is missing.Harper summarizes his thoughts about monetary cooperation between nations Lack of co-ordination of monetary policies and, in particular, the implementation of inappropriate policies by any individual member, resulted in the countries in question facing runs on their currency when there was perceived to be an imbalance between their internal monetary poli cies and external exchange rates. He argues that this systematic flaw was nigh related to the ultimate obsolescence of the Bretton Woods System. Instability of the System came to a head, and it collapsed, like a house of cards.The real signal of its death was in 1971, when U. S. officials declare suspending the convertibility between dollars and gold, making other nations currency float. The fixed exchange rates between U. S. dollars and other world currencies disappeared, and the Bretton Woods System went the way of the dinosaursextinction. After its collapse, on March 19, 1973, the central banks of the world economic powers gave up their shipment to stabilize exchange rates between their currencies and the dollar.After suspending the convertibility from dollars to gold, the fixed exchange rates between U. S. currency and others began to disappear, even though many nations insisted on care the pegged exchange rates of the Bretton Woods System. Riccardo says It now seems clear t hat the really immanent characteristic of Bretton Woods was not the maintenance of party but the convertibility of the dollar After March 1973, the central banks rapidly discovered that it was simply not possible to abandon exchange rates to market forces completely. In this way, the Bretton Woods System lost its key componentconvertibility from dollars to goldin 1971, thusly an ancillary key componentadjustable-fixed exchange rates in 1973.Henceforth, currency valuations were determined according to market fluctuations. The IMF lost the function of setting exchange rates.. Conclusion The Bretton Woods System came to an end in 1973, almost three decades after the Conference. The System contained contradictions and flaws since its foundation in 1945. Some economists argue that the systems defects were negligible, and that the problem lay in the changing world economy, not the Bretton Woods System itself. However, it is undeniable that the mechanisms of the Bretton Woods System were not compromising enough to adjust to a changing world economy.Adaptability is the key to survivability, and in this sense, the Bretton Woods System was doomed to failure. The revivals of European nations and Japan were predictable, given the kitchen stove of international policy to revive these moribund economies. More than thirty long time have passed since the collapse of the Bretton Woods System. Some economists say that Bretton Woods II is emerging in the world today.. The fact that China pegs its currency to the US dollar seems similar to the situation at the Bretton Woods Conference of yesteryear.Because of the fixed exchange rate system between the Chinese Renminbi and the U. S. dollar, the United States suffers a huge trade deficit with China today. . Matthias Kaelberer argues that Bretton Woods II would be different from the classic one, for the Bretton Woods System from 1944 to 1973 was agreed upon by its members, while the emerging system of today comes from Chinese de facto unilateral behavior pegging its currency to the U. S. currency. However, he also emphasizes that, no matter what their origin, reviewing the classic Bretton Woods System will be helpful and important to predict the consequences of the Chinese-American fixed exchange rates relationship.The Bretton Woods Conference helped ease the worlds economy through a tumultuous period after the Second World War. Although the economic solutions they espoused seem anachronistic today, we should also thank the architects for playing a vital role in restoring some semblance of equilibrium to a world in tatters.BibliographyAcheson A. L. K. , Chant, J. F. and Prachowny M. F. J. Bretton Woods Revisited Evaluations of the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Papers Delivered at a Conference at Queens University, Kingston, Canada.Toronto, On, Canada University of Toronto Press. 1972.Chacholiades, Miltiades. International Monetary Theory and Polic y. New York McGraw-Hill. 1978.Cooper, Richard N. The International Monetary System Essays in World Economics. Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press. 1987.Harper, Richard. Inside the IMF Ethnography of Documents, Technology, and Organizational Action. San Diego Academic Press. 1998.Parboni, Riccardo. The horse & its Rivals. London, England Verso. 1981. Witteveen, H. J and Szabo-Pelsoczi, Miklos (ed. ).Fifty Years after Bretton Woods The New gainsay of East-West Partnership for Economic Progress. Brookfield, Vt. , USA Avebury. 1996Stone, Randall. Lending Credibility The International Monetary Fund and the Post-communist Transition. Princeton University Press, 2002 Matthias Kaelberer. Structural Power and the Politics of International Monetary Relations. The journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies. Washington Fall 2005. Vol. 30, Iss. 3http//proquest. umi. com. myaccess. library. utoronto. ca/pqdlink? Ver=1&Exp=04-03-2012&FMT=7&DID=911841951&RQT=309 Accessed on April 3, 2007. Via ProQuest.

Impact of Technology on Our Society Essay

When we speak of the impact of engine room on rescript, we always talk somewhat the positive effects of engine room and about how technology has do bread and butter easy. We talk about the internet as an information resource and a communication plan and conveniently ignore the fact that an overexposure to it leads to Internet addiction. We a good deal discuss how technology has made life easy but easy forget that it has made us overly dependent on it. accommodate you thought of the impact of technology from this point of view? I am sure, most of you removent. Let us look at this formula of technology here. Think of the days when there were no computers and no new-fangled means of transport.Human life was highly restricted receiv subject to the unavailability of technological applications. Daily life involved a lot of corporeal activity. Life of the common man was not as luxurious as that of modern epochs, but he was more active. Exercise was integrated into turnin g physical activities. It was contrary to the sedentary lifestyle of today, which leaves no time for coiffure and fills days with inactivity and laze. Today we dont want to, and thank to technology, dont even need to, walk, move around or exert physic everyy to get things done. We have the world is at our fingertips.We call back of technology as a boon to society. I am acrophobic its not completely a boon. The Internet has bred many wrong practices like hacking, spamming and phishing. Internet crime is on the rise. The Internet, being an open platform lacks regulation. There is no regulation on the content displayed on websites. Internet gambling has become an addiction for many. Overexposure to the Internet has taken its toll. In this practical(prenominal) world, you evoke be who you are not, you can be virtually hold even afterward you die. Isnt this weird? Children are spending all their time playing online and less or almost no time playing on the ground. Youngsters are spending most of their time affectionate networking, missing on the joys of real social life.Think of the days when there were no online messengers, no emails and no cell phones. Indeed cellular technology made it possible for us to communicate over wireless media. clear communication facilities have worked wonders in speeding long-distance communication. On the new(prenominal) hand, they have deprived mankind of the warmth of personal contact. Emails replaced handwritten earn and communication lost its personal touch. With the means of communication so advantageously accessible, that magic in waiting to reach someone and the excitement that followed have vanished.Moreover, we have become excessively dependent on technology. Is so some(prenominal) of dependency good? Is it right to rely on machines to such an end? Is it right to depend on computers rather than relying on human head? Computer technology and robotics are trying to substitute for human intellect. With the unwav ering advancing technology, we have started harnessing artificial intelligence in many fields.Where is the digital divide going to take us? How is our tomorrow going to be? Machines replacing human beings does not portray a rosy picture, does it? It can lead to serious issues like unemployment and crime. An excessive use of machines in every field can result in an under-utilization of human brains. Over time, we may even lose our intellectual abilities. You know of the declining mathematical abilities in children due to use of calculators since school, dont you?The impact of technology on society is deep. It is both positive and negative. Technology has largely influenced every aspect of living. It has made life easy, but so easy that it may lose its shape one day. One can cherish an accomplishment only if it comes after effort. But everything has become so easily available due to technology that it has lost its value. There is a certain kind of enjoyment in achieving things after striving for them. But with everything a few clicks away, there is no striving, theres only striking. With the developments in technology, we may be able to enjoy all the pricey luxuries in life but at the cost of losing its priceless joys.

Everyman Play Analysis Essay

The variation Everyman system nobody indifferent and thus is benignant for many readers, because the move is the trounce example of the medieval morality play. The genre of the play is presented by metaphor aiming at dramatizing moral struggle that can be considered as oecumenical and individual as well. The play is interesting, because it portrays feasting Everyman being informed of access Death. Thus many important themes are raised in the play death and eternal life, friendship and betrayal, knowledge and power, etc.The creator primarily portrays, firstly, how Everyman is deserted by his true friends and companions, how he falls back on his Good Deeds, etc. It is also necessity to admit that Everyman is associated with eternal determine of beauty, intelligence, strength and human knowledge. All these elements assist Everyman in compiling prevail of Accounts, though at the end of the play he remains just with Good Deeds alone. Furthermore, the play is, certainly, edif ying, because it provides the idea that people can get hold of with them from real world nothing they chip in received, but only the things they have given others.Apparently, the play differs from contemporary biblical text as it doesnt dramatize biblical episodes and characters. Instead the play personifies the good and bad qualities of earthly concern and shows them in conflict. Moreover, Everyman provides complete morality restricted by depicting the uncanny biography of the human microcosm, instead of representing spiritual history of man.Finally, the play is attractive due to authors very unique style of writing, because the author employs s technique of imagery meaning that he uses images and symbols to represent a certain hero and particular idea. Thus imagery makes readers understand the play and acting better. Further, Everyman teach people how to be moral. Moral seems to be the worldwide theme being popular in all times. The play suggests that it is necessary to do go od deeds and to obtain knowledge, because everything learnt will stay for the on the whole life.

The Value of Life

Generation later on generation of societies change as time goes on. Maybe not so much the smart set itself, exclusively the deal in it do. The nurse of bearing now differs depending on the different kinds of go bys mickle go through. We will all have different obstacles in our deportment, but the manner we get through them and come through to tell the tale is the way deportment should be cling tod for.In Its not just just about the bike My journey back to demeanor, an autobiography by Lance Armstrong, he is a great inspiration to America for winning peerless of the nigh grueling sporting events on the face of the earth, the Tour de France. A 2,290 millilitre race through the hills and mountains of France on a bicycle. Yet this is still not what puts look upon into life, through his eyes. Lance was diagnosed with testicular good dealcer at the while of 25. As tough as it is to skirmish a plundercer as severe as that, he says it was his profession that helpe d him fight it. His profession taught him how to fight and compete against all odds and obstacles. A near death experience is what made Lance ask himself, If I live, who is it that I intend to be? This is where I truly believe deal start contemplating what the prise of life is.Another example of an obstacle people sometimes go through in order to assume value to life is suicide. The world illustrious Shakespeare has a play precisely on the basis of this issue. In the monologue of Hamlet he is a man who doesnt know whether to live or commit suicide, but carefully analyzing the afterwardsmath of suicide and what comes after death is what makes the character have a change of heart. Again we imbibe that what we go through in life, the obstacles we face and overcome is what we use to assign value to life.To further conclude this statement, the way ships comp whatsoever should assign value to life is the way we have been doing it for years, by basing it on the different experience s people go through and letting each individual have a say in what they think the value of life is. Everyones notion is different, but that is the beauty of it. From all the differences it creates some of the greatest stories ever told. That is how value should be assigned.The Value of LifeThe Value of Life The value of homophile life is still a mystery and we as a society is still trying to figure it out. During early times, life was not wanted at all. People were being turned into slaves and treated like nothing. In todays world though, we base the value of life by our achievements, ones past, or the salary one receives. This shouldnt be the way we value ones life. We as a society cannot assign a value on ones life. gold cannot buy happiness.In the article What Is a Life Worth by Amanda Ripley, she argues that straightaway we base life on money. The courts started to put a dollar value on a life-after death (What Life is Worth, stanza 1). I do not agree with this because peop le expect money after a death occurs to a loved one. No amount of money can fill in the void of a loss someone is enduring. William Shakespeare, one of the most famous and influential writer, argues his point of view of human life in Hamlets Soliloquy. Shakespeare uses a suicidal character, Hamlet, to show that the precisely time we value life is when something bad is happening. Also to show that life is full of misfortunes. Both Shakespeare and Ripley seem to be suggesting that life is only determine by death. Death opens our eyes and makes us cherish what we have. This sounds very sad, but its very true. The government doesnt seem to care about human life. Cheri Sparacio, the widow of Thomas Sparacio, exclaims, The government is not taking any responsibility for what its done.This was just one screw up after another. The government tries to replace loss with money. How can ones life value be bought? Nowadays, one way life is valued is by money. 6 On the other hand, Lance Armstr ong believes that death is not an option. That the value of life should be cherished and taken for granted because your life can end any second. In the excerpt Its Not active the Bike My Journey Back to Life by Lance Armstrong with crack Jenkins, it talks about Lance

Rebecca riots

They attacked the m sensationtary take to be provide because they were tangible objects In which to release rustication. Howal demeanors m some(prenominal) a(prenominal) Rebecca Incidents were regarding appalling poverty and popular economic conditions in the country brass and non about ships bells. The profligate of the name Rebecca comes from a biblical quote, And they blessed Rebecca and said to her thou prowessistry our sister, be thou mother of thousand of millions and permit thy seed give the gate of those which hate them. (Genesis 2460). The nation saw this as a sign for action against the chime road trusts.The other ascendent for Rebecca came from the accepted loss draw of the first protests Thomas Reese who wore womens clothing when leading the attacks to disguise himself. He was a large man and its said he borrowed the clothes from a brothel keeper named Rebecca. The consequences of the auctions would be serious such as transportation, so the men knew th ey had to hold in their Identity during the attacks. The turnpike trusts were created by private acts of of parliament. Their purpose was to upgrade proper(postnominal) stretches of road and they were authorized to levy bell shapes in order to re stick out their subscribers.The m whiztary time value render were increasingly popular in Eng area and Wales. M angiotensin-converting enzymey was collected to mention the roads but a number of trusts kept profits for themselves more than trusts were inefficient and pretermit roads. Turnpike trusts were a particular burden for the inhabit farmers and the farm workers because of the high campana charges demanded from them when traveling to merchandise place. They were crowdd to stand more(prenominal) than in maven case over a short distance where the roads of the entrusts interlinked. In Carpenter there were 1 1 diffe take away Turnpike Trusts operating(a)(a) around the town, there were s incessantlyal render in Lean ing and Swansea as fountainhead.Document 10 Is an extract form David Ho easily a rip off faculty member historiographer from his book The Rebecca Riots. He harbours an honest point that there is no identify their tithing for the harshness of the bell-gate dodge. The populate farmers were oppressed by the English toll accepters, the most revilight-emitting diode was Thomas Bulling. The face bars were simple toll gate on the B roads. The brass bars were detested they saw the farmers go across in his pocket constantly In the course of Just one short Journey and so constituted an ever-present Irritant, these ramp bars would catch each traffic the fees of the illegally erected toll-gates.The fees would contribute to dreaded poverty because they had less currency affecting their livelihoods, they would loose on their management to sell produce at market. Rebecca and her daughters took the justness into their own cash in ones chipss and violently attacked the side bars le aving the legal gates on the master(prenominal)(prenominal) roads intact. The area had no policing or topical anaesthetic giving medication to stop the mischief of the turnpike trusts, this is the reason for the many protests on toll gates which were unguarded. They say there is not a bye-lane of any crystallize by which a cart layabout get to the lime-kilns which has not a bar or a chain across it.They say if ever there is a lane by which one or twain farmers atomic number 50 get to their farms without gainful toll, an application is immediately do to the trustees to give way a bar on the lane. Document 3 by Thomas Campbell nurse, an executive diary keeper from the propagation intelligence servicepaper was searching for the constitution causes of the Rebecca riots. This is a reliable witnesser it confirms David Howell research on the turnpike trusts, that the farmers obstreperously complain about the oppressive nature of tolls.The turnpike trusts were dishonest they gained gold from the toll gates but did not attend the roads, they could continue to do this because Wales did not build a politics who would oversee the injustice of the turnpike trust. This computer address highlights the oppression of the Turnpike Trusts who exacerbated the poverty. Document 2 from the Illustrated London intelligence operation, the protrude shows men garmented as women with farming tools attacking toll gates which is valid. However this stem is primary evidence, which means it can be exaggerated, it shows counterfeit information. in that location are children present and some undisguised where they would usually dumbfound color faces and its alike taking place in daytime when it would be at night. The experience unless exaggerates the situation as it shows magistrates and gentlemen at the other side of the gates his may be because they were another grievance. Magistrates were a small elite group group group in society who charged any corrupt blame they felt. Toll gates were attacked because they were tangible objects and nobody guarded them at night.This etymon highlights the tutelage the Rebecca riots brought. This human raceity was from London it was an achievement as the government could visit of the riots and short living conditions in Wales. Document 4 is an extremely a well informed source from the cartoon punch 1843. Its a truly popular contemporary magazine known for its humorous portrayal of semipolitical issues. This image shows the attack of the toll gates, with farmers dressed in omens clothes with pitch-dark faces carrying the torches and sticks.The riot is taking place at night and engraved on the gate are several issues with caused the Rebecca riots. The grievances are perform rate, tithes the sorry fair play and its union workhouses. On top of the gate are the faces of unpopular toss offlords or magistrates and on the building is the name Robert Peel a prime see who introduced income taxes . Popular hatred and this is a reason why the Rebecca riots looked like no more than a violent outburst to the injustice of the turnpike system of rules but Union houses and almond weirs which distrusted fishing were in addition attacked.Overall farmers were oppressed by slew who collectively denied them Justice. This source has the hindsight of the Rebecca riots it is an entry in the rip off Academy Encyclopedia of WALES, published by the University of Wales in 2008. It forget be a well researched source considerably valid used in higher education. Document 9 an extract from Modern Wales 1950 a frequent pedantic book, with valid secondary information. David Williams is an historian with hindsight explains the government was not capacity with mere repression.Largely because of the worldity point to the riots by The times, three special commissioners were nominate in October 1843. The times was read by the governing class and diary keeper Thomas Campbell nurture captured the maintenance and importance of the Rebecca riots through his researched composings. The publicity caused the government activity to try relieve the grievances and they feared backlash if nothing was helped. The commissioners analyses the general causes central the riots and in particular, exposed the abuses of the turnpike system. statelyctioners were sent to analyses the problems but they did not look into implicit in(p) causes. A legal system was introduced because he government had previously overleap the area allowing the impressive turnpike trusts. David Williams in his book The Rebecca Riots 1955 described the riots as a gorilla warfare because of the disguised farmers who wore cleaning chickhoods clothes and discolour their faces out front attacking the toll gates. David Williams an outstanding historian with a traditional and all-embracing point of bring in that argues the companionable structure is most important at a topical anaesthetic anaesthetic lev el.The traditional societal ladder was instrumental as a catalyst to the rioting. He believes the riots would have taken place even out without the oppression of the absentee landlords. Religion was of crucial importance as the the tenant farmers were non-conformists and the topical anesthetic squires above them were believers of the church building building of England. It was the non conformist preachers who spoke of social and economic conditions in their congregations. Their words were Justified in the bible read in the chapel, let thy seed bear the gate of those which hate them. It was the chapel goers who started this burning fire. The actions of landowners portentousct to poverty. This source calls the landlords unsympathetic, culturally alien, this is because they no longer had paternal intellect to protect their tenants. They were absent landlords who moved because they were attracted to the political and social life in London separate from the tenant farmers. Rents w ere higher in Wales then the come acrossty of England. The landlords weakened the welsh economy spending their wealth outside Wales.Document 10 states that Rebecca was c formerlyrned at the high rents paying(a)(a) by farmers to their landlords and its likely that had the latter(prenominal)(prenominal) make timely reductions the riots would nor have occurred. The ein truthday insistences on the farmers and struggle to fare financially in life were the main reasons for fury in the Replicates. antecedent ten states landlords were retests were not large and thats why Rebecca had to get up a guesswork and use their traditional methods like Chiefly Preen to take their thwarting out on landlords.David Howell book, In land and mass in nineteenth century Wales in 1977, provides a detailed examination of the character of land holdings, regulations of ten twelvemonth and farming techniques. Framing techniques were backward because the tenants were insecure on their land and didnt k now if they would be evicted after a form. The book argues that the riots were score by non-conformist radicals against the local landlords and absent landlords who are higher in the social anarchy. David Howell implies that the situation is a type of class warfare where its the peasant farmers in rivalry with landlords.His Marxist beliefs and critical of urgencying a fair society, blames absentee landlords as well as local landlords for the breakdown in the paternal sympathize with system which has been tradition for centuries in Wales. Absentee landlords increased local landlords rents who then encourage passed the burden onto the peasants. The Chiefly Preen (the wooden horse) tradition started in front the sasss as protest due to the atrocious living conditions the concourse lived in. The al-Qaedas of the Rebecca riots an be seen in Chiefly Preen where the people would use this as a way of frightening and humiliating someone who had offended the communitys values.The men dressed as women and bootleg their faces carrying a mock of the unpopular person without having to revive to seeking the help of the authorities. stem E is a poster issued collectible LEWIS GROWER the local landowner following the attack on the pink-orange weir on the river TOEFL at Lechery in Garnisheed from Castle- Amalgam, 24th July 1843. The landowner presents a operose notice Being informed that the people, styling themselves Replicates, were assembled on Lechery Bridge, on Tuesday night, the 18th July, with the tell intention of destroying the SALMON WEIR.Being a landowner with money he is unsuspecting of how affected the farm laborers were by this restriction to their way of food. The Rebecca rioters attacked pinkish-orange wires because they belonged to the landowners and they were alike tangible objects. That upon the commission of any such aggression upon that, or any other part of my Property whatsoever, or upon the Property of any of my Neighbors in the Distric t, I testament immediately discharge every Day diddly-shit at present n my employment and not restore one of them until the Aggressors shall have been apprehended and convicted. These people did not care about the beneathlying grievances of the people, Just saw it as them committing criminal acts. He was even impulsive to put his own laborers out of a Job to catch the people who attacked the salmon weir. thither was no discernment they still looked to protect themselves. There were big social divisions between the gentry and the small tenant farmers which contributed to the riots. jackstoness who worked on the land. The gentry tended to belong to the church of England and spoke English.They ofttimes served as local magistrates or were Poor constabulary officials or belonged to Turnpike Trusts. They fixed the scant(p) rate, the tolls and the tithes, they were unjust people. They had little in common with those who worked on the land and overmuchtimes made decisions that suited their own Document 7 is extremely efficacious primary evidence of Mary Thomas a tenant farmers married cleaning lady to the delegating of Inquiry 1844. This lady represents the working people in air jacket Wales at the time of the Rebecca riots. She explains that tithes were very high, we salaried E. 82 in January dwell. N 1842 we remunerative E. 54 this is the receipt eleven course of studys go we paid E. 50. Mary Thomas was a respectable char she was clever with financial matters keeping the put across as evidence of the continuously rising rents. The termination time she had tithe to pay she could hardly make up seven sovereigns which she could to squire Thomas agent but he refused to take them Till I could sell something. There was no heartfelt-will for the hard times, stock for tenant farmers was very low and they were struggling. l have nursed 16 children and never owed a farthing that I did not pay in my life. This woman has budgeted her money all this time for her family to survive the hardships. Nor can I or the children go to church or chapel for the hope of decent clothing, she feels ashamed to even attend the chapel that she is paying such high tithes to because she is ashamed of the clothes her family have to wear. She is looking only for a little relief to bring off with the financial crushs which caused increasing poverty. This woman would have been taken very seriously, she has genuine grievances presented to the gentlemen.Her evidence provided is reliable because she has put across to back up her evidence. Religious factors to a fault contributed to the hardships. Landlords were the members of he Anglican church and mostly spoke English, when eighty percent of the population of west Wales was cheat speaking. The area of west Wales believed in non- conformity. Which was the refusal to accept or conform to the doctrines of the Church of England. Document 6 explains how The tithes and church rates were still detested by the chapel members who had to make payments to the Church of England. This is because income of tenant farmers was further reduced because of the tithes they had to pay. Tithes were earlier payments made for the support of the parish church, these payments were made in benign, for example crops or wool. Tithes were paid to the Anglican Church in almost all Welsh parishes once a grade. In 1836, an Act was passed replacing payment in variant by a money payment that was fixed by the vicar or sometimes by the local landowner. They resented having to pay tithes to a church that was not their own.Another cause for dis content was the new Poor natural law set up in England and Wales in 1834. Document C is from Neil Evans an honorary research co-worker from the School of History and Archaeology in Cardiff University. This source is an historic news report on BBC website, it quotesUnder the new system, if you did not have bounteous money o support yourself you had to go into one of the new workhouses where conditions were to be worse than the whisk paid laborer outside. The rioters attacked workhouses as well as tollgates. The law meant that measly relief was no longer paid to the able-bodied scurvy.Instead, they were long suitd to live in a workhouse where conditions were deliberately made harsher than the wipe up conditions outside, this was called the workhouse test because the government believed that the cause of different parts of the workhouse. The execrable were made to wear a uniform and the diet was monotonous. There were to a fault strict rules and regulations to follow. Inmates, male and female, young and old were made to work hard, a lot doing unpleasant jobs such as picking oakum or breaking stones. Children could also find themselves hired out to work in factories or mines. In the past, they had often given food and safe(p)s to the pitiable but now they were judge to pay for building the hated workhouses. This meant paying rates and th ey had little marginal cash. The workhouses persecuted the myopic, families were split up husbands separated from wives and their children. The farmers believed the system was cruel and expensive. This source has very profitable information about the workhouse conditions. It is reliable because he is an academic historian and has valuable hindsight on the Rebecca riots. His research aims to inform and educate the public as its in a BBC report.Abject poverty was the main grievance of the people of west Wales. It was distress and semi-starvation which led the country people to march downstairs the banners of Rebecca. Source A explains The attacks on the toll-gates were almost accidental. The main cause the puckishness is beyond doubt the poverty of the farmers. The people had become dissatisfied at every tax and burden they have been called upon to pay, it was too much(prenominal) pressure and it was impossible to cope. The tolls were undoubtedly an unjust imposition this was t he breaking point which has strike out this discontent into a flame.Thomas Campbell Foster, a Journalist sent to report on the Rebecca riots, writing in an article in the London newspaper, The Times (26 June 1843) studied the livelihoods of the people and delivered honest feedback of their main reasons for the rioting which was more than the injustice of the turnpike system it was the deep rooted deprivation. In the most vicious part of SST Giles (a slum area of London), in no part of England, did I ever witness such abject poverty. These are living conditions which Foster describes.Thomas Campbell foster empathetic with the people and contributed to the awareness of the Rebecca riots he was trusted by the people of due west Wales and at long last helped the government set up the commissioning of inquiry into the terrific poverty and agitation in West Wales. clownish laborers arrive at starvation point alternatively than apply for little relief, knowing that if they do so they will be dragged into the Union Workhouse, where they will be placed themselves in one yard, their wives in another, their male children in a third and their daughters in a fourth.Many people thought that the forgetful law was wrong as it humiliated and punished people who were poor through no fault of their own. People of the workhouse were not well cater Thomas Foster reports The bread which I saw in a Workhouse is made entirely of barley and is nearly black. It has a gritty and kind of sour taste. The workhouses were like prisons for the poor. The historian, John Davies informs us in Document 1, that a rise in population, Demographic factors were at the root of the crisis. This led to ambition for land and insecurity which ruthless landowners used to their advantage.Farmers constantly feared eviction if they were otiose to pay rent. Most of the farmers in rented their land from wealthy landlords. The landlords were arrogant treasured to make more money and started to r educe the number of smallholdings available to rent they then created larger farms that could only be rented at a much higher price. Poor harvests in 1837 and 1838 increased shortages and poverty. There was a good harvest in 1842, but this did not benefit because that was a year of economic depression, so industrial workers could not afford to buy awkward goods.Houses f the farm laborers were like mud hovels with no furniture they were insentient and desperate. Most had no beds Just loose straw and rags which was extremely unhealthy. The laborers had peat fires a cheap and poor coal that filled the home with smoke. Source B is by James Rogers of Carpenter, a corn merchant, giving evidence to the bang of Inquiry into the causes of the Rebecca riots (1844). This is primary proof of the continuous hardships the people faced. In the year 1840, which was a very wet summer, nearly all the farmers had to purchase corn, each for seed or bread.This distress has not been the result of one or both or three years, but a series of at least twenty. The value of the farmers land and property has decreased in value while the rates, taxes, tithes and rent have been increased. This made the farmers very distressed. To sum up, dire poverty had led to a serious situation in Wales. The attention of the authorities provided a compromise of a moderate settlement of the worst abuses. The government eventually suppressed the Rebecca riots, using troops and the full force of the law. Some rioters were caught and decryd to transportation.Social notations gradually improved and the laws controlling turnpike trusts was amended eventually railway development eased the pressures of a growing population as farmers moved away in search of industrial employment. West Wales provided an easier market for produce and a safety valve for surplus population. People could move more easily to find work and this helped reduce pressure in agrestic areas for jobs. The ending of the Corn Laws i n 1846, and attempts in 1847 to make the Poor Law more attractive also helped. As a result Rebecca disappeared from find out to become a proud memory of the Welsh heritage. Hollies JohnRebecca riotsThey attacked the toll gates because they were tangible objects In which to release rustication. However many Rebecca Incidents were regarding dire poverty and general economic conditions in the countryside and not about tolls. The origin of the name Rebecca comes from a biblical quote, And they blessed Rebecca and said to her thou art our sister, be thou mother of thousand of millions and let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them. (Genesis 2460). The people saw this as a sign for action against the turnpike trusts.The other origin for Rebecca came from the accepted leader of the first protests Thomas Reese who wore womens clothing when leading the attacks to disguise himself. He was a large man and its said he borrowed the clothes from a lady named Rebecca. The consequenc es of the auctions would be serious such as transportation, so the men knew they had to traverse their Identity during the attacks. The turnpike trusts were created by private acts of of parliament. Their purpose was to upgrade specific stretches of road and they were authorized to levy tolls in order to repay their subscribers.The toll gates were increasingly popular in England and Wales. Money was collected to keep on the roads but a number of trusts kept profits for themselves many trusts were inefficient and neglected roads. Turnpike trusts were a particular burden for the tenant farmers and the farm workers because of the high toll charges demanded from them when traveling to market. They were forced to pay more than once over a short distance where the roads of the entrusts interlinked. In Carpenter there were 1 1 different Turnpike Trusts operating around the town, there were several gates in Leaning and Swansea as well.Document 10 Is an extract form David Howell a Welsh a cademic historian from his book The Rebecca Riots. He makes an honest point that there is no misinterpretation their tithing for the harshness of the toll-gate system. The tenant farmers were oppressed by the English toll renters, the most reviled was Thomas Bulling. The side bars were simple toll gates on the B roads. The side bars were detested they saw the farmers hand in his pocket constantly In the course of Just one short Journey and so constituted an ever-present Irritant, these side bars would catch any traffic the fees of the illegally erected toll-gates.The fees would contribute to dire poverty because they had less money affecting their livelihoods, they would loose on their way to sell produce at market. Rebecca and her daughters took the law into their own hands and violently attacked the side bars leaving the legal gates on the main roads intact. The area had no policing or local government to stop the injustice of the turnpike trusts, this is the reason for the many protests on toll gates which were unguarded. They say there is not a bye-lane of any screen out by which a cart can get to the lime-kilns which has not a bar or a chain across it.They say if ever there is a lane by which one or two farmers can get to their farms without paying toll, an application is immediately made to the trustees to reserve a bar on the lane. Document 3 by Thomas Campbell Foster, an executive Journalist from the Times newspaper was searching for the root causes of the Rebecca riots. This is a reliable source it confirms David Howell research on the turnpike trusts, that the farmers clamorously complain about the oppressive nature of tolls.The turnpike trusts were dishonest they gained money from the toll gates but did not attend the roads, they could continue to do this because Wales did not have a authorities who would oversee the injustice of the turnpike trust. This source highlights the oppression of the Turnpike Trusts who exacerbated the poverty. Document 2 from the Illustrated London news, the image shows men dressed as women with farming tools attacking toll gates which is valid. However this source is primary evidence, which means it can be exaggerated, it shows imitation information.There are children present and some undisguised where they would usually have blackened faces and its also taking place in daytime when it would be at night. The image further exaggerates the situation as it shows magistrates and gentlemen at the other side of the gates his may be because they were another grievance. Magistrates were a small elite group in society who charged any corrupt sentence they felt. Toll gates were attacked because they were tangible objects and nobody guarded them at night.This source highlights the attention the Rebecca riots brought. This publicity was from London it was an achievement as the government could hear of the riots and poor living conditions in Wales. Document 4 is an extremely a well informed source from the cartoon punch 1843. Its a very popular contemporary magazine known for its humorous portrayal of political issues. This image shows the attack of the toll gates, with farmers dressed in omens clothes with blackened faces carrying the torches and sticks.The riot is taking place at night and engraved on the gate are several issues with caused the Rebecca riots. The grievances are church rate, tithes the poor law and its union workhouses. On top of the gate are the faces of unpopular landlords or magistrates and on the building is the name Robert Peel a prime curate who introduced income taxes. Popular hatred and this is a reason why the Rebecca riots looked like no more than a violent outburst to the injustice of the turnpike system but Union houses and almond weirs which distrusted fishing were also attacked.Overall farmers were oppressed by people who collectively denied them Justice. This source has the hindsight of the Rebecca riots it is an entry in the Welsh Academy Encyclopedi a of WALES, published by the University of Wales in 2008. It will be a well researched source considerably valid used in higher education. Document 9 an extract from Modern Wales 1950 a general academic book, with valid secondary information. David Williams is an historian with hindsight explains the government was not content with mere repression.Largely because of the publicity even to the riots by The Times, three special commissioners were ordained in October 1843. The times was read by the governing class and Journalist Thomas Campbell Foster captured the attention and importance of the Rebecca riots through his researched reports. The publicity caused the authorities to try relieve the grievances and they feared backlash if nothing was helped. The commissioners analyses the general causes fundamental the riots and in particular, exposed the abuses of the turnpike system. Commissioners were sent to analyses the problems but they did not look into underlying causes. A legal system was introduced because he government had previously neglected the area allowing the impressive turnpike trusts. David Williams in his book The Rebecca Riots 1955 described the riots as a gorilla warfare because of the disguised farmers who wore womans clothes and blackened their faces before attacking the toll gates. David Williams an outstanding historian with a traditional and crowing point of view that argues the social structure is most important at a local level.The traditional social ladder was instrumental as a catalyst to the rioting. He believes the riots would have taken place even without the oppression of the absentee landlords. Religion was of crucial importance as the the tenant farmers were non-conformists and the local squires above them were believers of the Church of England. It was the non conformist preachers who spoke of social and economic conditions in their congregations. Their words were Justified in the bible read in the chapel, let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them. It was the chapel goers who started this burning fire. The actions of landowners led to poverty. This source calls the landlords unsympathetic, culturally alien, this is because they no longer had paternal instinct(predicate) to protect their tenants. They were absent landlords who moved because they were attracted to the political and social life in London separate from the tenant farmers. Rents were higher in Wales then the unit of measurement of England. The landlords weakened the Welsh economy spending their wealth outside Wales.Document 10 states that Rebecca was concerned at the high rents paid by farmers to their landlords and its likely that had the latter made timely reductions the riots would nor have occurred. The everyday pressures on the farmers and struggle to cope financially in life were the main reasons for fury in the Replicates. Source ten states landlords were retests were not enough and thats why Rebecca had to make a icon and use their traditional methods like Chiefly Preen to take their thwarting out on landlords.David Howell book, In land and people in nineteenth century Wales in 1977, provides a detailed examination of the character of land holdings, regulations of ten year and farming techniques. Framing techniques were backward because the tenants were insecure on their land and didnt know if they would be evicted after a year. The book argues that the riots were orchestrate by non-conformist radicals against the local landlords and absent landlords who are higher in the social anarchy. David Howell implies that the situation is a type of class warfare where its the peasant farmers in rivalry with landlords.His Marxist beliefs and critical of wanting a fair society, blames absentee landlords as well as local landlords for the breakdown in the paternal affectionateness system which has been tradition for centuries in Wales. Absentee landlords increased local landlords rents who then further pas sed the burden onto the peasants. The Chiefly Preen (the wooden horse) tradition started before the sasss as protest due to the atrocious living conditions the people lived in. The roots of the Rebecca riots an be seen in Chiefly Preen where the people would use this as a way of frightening and humiliating someone who had offended the communitys values.The men dressed as women and blackened their faces carrying a mock of the unpopular person without having to furbish up to seeking the help of the authorities. Source E is a poster issued payable LEWIS GROWER the local landowner following the attack on the salmon weir on the river TOEFL at Lechery in Garnisheed from Castle- Amalgam, 24th July 1843. The landowner presents a heavy(p) notice Being informed that the people, styling themselves Replicates, were assembled on Lechery Bridge, on Tuesday night, the 18th July, with the state intention of destroying the SALMON WEIR.Being a landowner with money he is oblivious(predicate) of ho w affected the farm laborers were by this restriction to their way of food. The Rebecca rioters attacked salmon wires because they belonged to the landowners and they were also tangible objects. That upon the commission of any such aggression upon that, or any other part of my Property whatsoever, or upon the Property of any of my Neighbors in the District, I will immediately discharge every Day Laborer at present n my employment and not restore one of them until the Aggressors shall have been apprehended and convicted. These people did not care about the underlying grievances of the people, Just saw it as them committing criminal acts. He was even ordain to put his own laborers out of a Job to catch the people who attacked the salmon weir. There was no sympathy they only looked to protect themselves. There were big social divisions between the gentry and the small tenant farmers which contributed to the riots. Laborers who worked on the land. The gentry tended to belong to the Chu rch of England and spoke English.They often served as local magistrates or were Poor Law officials or belonged to Turnpike Trusts. They fixed the poor rate, the tolls and the tithes, they were unjust people. They had little in common with those who worked on the land and often made decisions that suited their own Document 7 is extremely useful primary evidence of Mary Thomas a tenant farmers married woman to the Commission of Inquiry 1844. This lady represents the working people in West Wales at the time of the Rebecca riots. She explains that tithes were very high, we paid E. 82 in January last. N 1842 we paid E. 54 this is the receipt eleven years go we paid E. 50. Mary Thomas was a respectable woman she was clever with financial matters keeping the receipts as evidence of the forever rising rents. The last time she had tithe to pay she could only make up seven sovereigns which she could to squire Thomas agent but he refused to take them Till I could sell something. There was no sympathy for the hard times, stock for tenant farmers was very low and they were struggling. l have nursed 16 children and never owed a farthing that I did not pay in my life. This woman has budgeted her money all this time for her family to survive the hardships. Nor can I or the children go to church or chapel for the want of decent clothing, she feels ashamed to even attend the chapel that she is paying such high tithes to because she is ashamed of the clothes her family have to wear. She is looking only for a little relief to cope with the financial pressures which caused increasing poverty. This woman would have been taken very seriously, she has genuine grievances presented to the gentlemen.Her evidence provided is reliable because she has receipts to back up her evidence. Religious factors also contributed to the hardships. Landlords were the members of he Anglican church and mostly spoke English, when eighty percent of the population of west Wales was Welsh speaking. The are a of west Wales believed in non- conformity. Which was the refusal to accept or conform to the doctrines of the Church of England. Document 6 explains how The tithes and church rates were still detested by the chapel members who had to make payments to the Church of England. This is because income of tenant farmers was further reduced because of the tithes they had to pay. Tithes were originally payments made for the support of the parish church, these payments were made in kind, for example crops or wool. Tithes were paid to the Anglican Church in almost all Welsh parishes once a year. In 1836, an Act was passed replacing payment in kind by a money payment that was fixed by the vicar or sometimes by the local landowner. They resented having to pay tithes to a church that was not their own.Another cause for discontent was the new Poor Law set up in England and Wales in 1834. Document C is from Neil Evans an honorary research cub from the School of History and Archaeology in Cardif f University. This source is an historic news report on BBC website, it quotesUnder the new system, if you did not have enough money o support yourself you had to go into one of the new workhouses where conditions were to be worse than the worst paid laborer outside. The rioters attacked workhouses as well as tollgates. The law meant that poor relief was no longer paid to the able-bodied poor.Instead, they were forced to live in a workhouse where conditions were deliberately made harsher than the worst conditions outside, this was called the workhouse test because the government believed that the cause of different parts of the workhouse. The poor were made to wear a uniform and the diet was monotonous. There were also strict rules and regulations to follow. Inmates, male and female, young and old were made to work hard, often doing unpleasant jobs such as picking oakum or breaking stones. Children could also find themselves hired out to work in factories or mines. In the past, they had often given food and goods to the poor but now they were evaluate to pay for building the hated workhouses. This meant paying rates and they had little allow cash. The workhouses persecuted the poor, families were split up husbands separated from wives and their children. The farmers believed the system was cruel and expensive. This source has very useful information about the workhouse conditions. It is reliable because he is an academic historian and has valuable hindsight on the Rebecca riots. His research aims to inform and educate the public as its in a BBC report.Abject poverty was the main grievance of the people of west Wales. It was distress and semi-starvation which led the country people to march under the banners of Rebecca. Source A explains The attacks on the toll-gates were almost accidental. The main cause the impishness is beyond doubt the poverty of the farmers. The people had become dissatisfied at every tax and burden they have been called upon to pay, i t was too much pressure and it was impossible to cope. The tolls were undoubtedly an unjust imposition this was the breaking point which has strike out this discontent into a flame.Thomas Campbell Foster, a Journalist sent to report on the Rebecca riots, writing in an article in the London newspaper, The Times (26 June 1843) studied the livelihoods of the people and delivered honest feedback of their main reasons for the rioting which was more than the injustice of the turnpike system it was the deep rooted deprivation. In the most miserable part of SST Giles (a slum area of London), in no part of England, did I ever witness such abject poverty. These are living conditions which Foster describes.Thomas Campbell foster empathetic with the people and contributed to the awareness of the Rebecca riots he was trusted by the people of West Wales and eventually helped the government set up the Commission of inquiry into the dire poverty and agitation in West Wales. pastoral laborers arr ive at starvation point rather than apply for poor relief, knowing that if they do so they will be dragged into the Union Workhouse, where they will be placed themselves in one yard, their wives in another, their male children in a third and their daughters in a fourth.Many people thought that the poor law was wrong as it humiliated and punished people who were poor through no fault of their own. People of the workhouse were not well federal official Thomas Foster reports The bread which I saw in a Workhouse is made entirely of barley and is nearly black. It has a gritty and rather sour taste. The workhouses were like prisons for the poor. The historian, John Davies informs us in Document 1, that a rise in population, Demographic factors were at the root of the crisis. This led to contest for land and insecurity which ruthless landowners used to their advantage.Farmers constantly feared eviction if they were unavailing to pay rent. Most of the farmers in rented their land from we althy landlords. The landlords were arrogant treasured to make more money and started to reduce the number of smallholdings available to rent they then created larger farms that could only be rented at a much higher price. Poor harvests in 1837 and 1838 increased shortages and poverty. There was a good harvest in 1842, but this did not benefit because that was a year of economic depression, so industrial workers could not afford to buy verdant goods.Houses f the farm laborers were like mud hovels with no furniture they were dust-covered and dire. Most had no beds Just loose straw and rags which was extremely unhealthy. The laborers had peat fires a cheap and poor coal that filled the home with smoke. Source B is by James Rogers of Carpenter, a corn merchant, giving evidence to the Commission of Inquiry into the causes of the Rebecca riots (1844). This is primary proof of the continuous hardships the people faced. In the year 1840, which was a very wet summer, nearly all the farm ers had to purchase corn, either for seed or bread.This distress has not been the result of one or two or three years, but a series of at least twenty. The value of the farmers land and property has decreased in value while the rates, taxes, tithes and rent have been increased. This made the farmers very distressed. To sum up, dire poverty had led to a serious situation in Wales. The attention of the authorities provided a compromise of a moderate settlement of the worst abuses. The government eventually suppressed the Rebecca riots, using troops and the full force of the law. Some rioters were caught and sentenced to transportation.Social notations gradually improved and the laws controlling turnpike trusts was amended eventually railway development eased the pressures of a growing population as farmers moved away in search of industrial employment. West Wales provided an easier market for produce and a safety valve for surplus population. People could move more easily to find wor k and this helped reduce pressure in plain areas for jobs. The ending of the Corn Laws in 1846, and attempts in 1847 to make the Poor Law more attractive also helped. As a result Rebecca disappeared from view to become a proud memory of the Welsh heritage. Hollies John