Goals Essay Mba Samples Features

Objectives Essay Mba Samples Features Goals Essay Mba Samples - Dead or Alive? There's a more noteworthy possibility you will achieve your points by keeping in touch with them down. Guarantee you go past the self-evident, or if nothing else locate an unmistakable methods for communicating a not exactly unique point. The absolute most importantly point to consider that you have to be able to separate between the exceptionally long haul and momentary objectives. You can likewise locate a one-page profession objectives article model which will assist you with setting your tentative arrangements and characterize what things to yearn for. Prosperity Despite your earnest attempts, there could be times when you're not so much ready to seek after your points. There are numerous events when you should make a profession objectives exposition. An objective must be time bound. Of these, composing a MBA exposition can wind up being a significant confused activity for most of candidates. If so, you ought to examine our example MBA Essay Guide. Articles research projects papers and significantly more. You may effectively purchase special school expositions and don't disregard to enlighten loved ones concerning it. Today, most understudies think that its hard to make a paper on a specific subject. Our authors will be glad to help by furnishing you a specially composed paper with your extraordinary necessities. So should you have to utilize school paper essayist on the web, we're only the individuals that you need to contact. The Goals Essay Mba Samples Trap While the case there are a couple of magnificent scholars in school some discover it incredibly extreme to compose. Composing is a current that falls into place without a hitch. The suggestion letter MBA test is a chance to offer an outside target assessment of your achievements and character, and moreover, permits you an extra chance to manage any potential shortcomings in your complete application story. It is an awesome chance to fit in a couple of solid instances of your character. Mention to the entrance advisory board what you need to do, why you might want to do it or you feel that it would be the perfect thing for you and how you plan to get precisely the same. In the event that you can't sensibly ask another person to flexibly the suggestion, at that point you may need to create the letter yourself. You must be as explicit as conceivable while noting all of the six districts of the inquiry. In the occasion the inquiry alludes just to your transient objectives limit the reaction to simply that. Part of the way through the program, I dropped from the program in October 1998. In the event that you don't have away from of your up and coming vocation at any rate in the short term point of view, composing a profession objectives article is very prone to give you nervousness. The absolute first thing you need to do is begin characterizing your MBA objective. Connection training to your up and coming vocation Elaborate how your instructive foundation will let you achieve your expert targets. Getting the Best Goals Essay Mba Samples MBA adcoms wish to understand that you have a specific heading at the top of the priority list and that you have legitimate explanations behind your decisions. The school gives insignificant direction for candidates trying to acquire an impression. You should talk about specialized capacities, systematic capacities, center zones, and that's just the beginning. Concentrating just will help improve your capacities. Individual fulfillment additionally has a significant impact in my vocation decision. The candidate has imparted both an understanding of the market, and an energy to fix a specific issue. Nonattendance of Skill In request to move advances you may need to get aptitudes in transit. Concentrate on your current impression of your arrangements rather than attempt to think about a far reaching plan for the since quite a while ago run. Such inquiries need profound thoughtfulness for you to get deeply of your temperament and impacts. There are various approaches to get new data. Truly, there are handfuls and many candidates and on the off chance that you don't communicate your need your application will end up lying with all the rest frail sections. You must create something considerably more convincing for your applications. A few schools ask you to likewise talk about for what valid reason you're keen on their specific program, as a major aspect of precisely the same brief. You need to cl arify explicitly why School X is essential to your prosperity. Subsequently, MBA programs are keen on future pioneers that want to acquire a positive impact on earth. Understudies frequently continue talking about what all they wish to do and end up giving an unreasonable measure of data, which is terrible. The Good, the Bad and Goals Essay Mba Samples While everyone's vocation way is one of a kind, there are different prospects to advance in any zone, so uncover that you're mindful of them. Presently you've truly characterized your objective you're set up to go. Later on my definitive point is to help establish a business in the subject of new media gadgets. My drawn out profession objective is to set up a vitality fabricating plant in India creating vitality from city squander. The Benefits of Goals Essay Mba Samples Step back and investigate what you've said from another person's position. In this manner, when you expound on objectives, a general dependable guideline to remember is that being too broad is quite often an awful thing. You are probably going to adore our work. 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Persuasive Essay Topics on Abuse - Creating Powerful Essays For Sale

<h1>Persuasive Essay Topics on Abuse - Creating Powerful Essays For Sale</h1><p>There are various enticing paper themes on misuse, from beating youngsters to aggressive behavior at home. Whatever subject you pick, make certain to consistently incorporate your center message. Your exposition will at last demonstrate your thoughts all the more convincing, however by having the correct mix of enticing themes, you'll help improve your composition and increment your resume sales!</p><p></p><p>There are numerous things that make points on misuse so mainstream. The truth of the matter is that a large number of us, regardless of whether we don't fit into the customary generalization of a beaten or manhandled youngster, are mishandled by individuals in our lives. This could be a parent, kin, or relative. The truth of the matter is that we don't be able to change the manner in which somebody feels about us. On the off chance that somebody we love can't move past their injurious past, at that point they will just deny it and accuse another person for it.</p><p></p><p>It is a troublesome job for a casualty to take on. In the event that they do approach, periodically it tends to be hard to get them to concede that they were the person who was injurious. Having some thought with respect to why they are mishandling you can be useful in getting the realities out of them.</p><p></p><p>A convincing paper point on misuse can handle different issues that may come up in a conversation about this subject. You might need to cover the subject of abusers' enthusiastic emotions, not having the option to confide in anybody, or how the absence of affection can devastate connections. Be that as it may, in particular, you ought to have the option to introduce the realities in an unmistakable and convincing way. Make certain to compose your article points in view of this, as an apparently basic theme co uld be incredibly complex.</p><p></p><p>It can assist with looking into and get ready for the subject you wish to expound on. This will forestall the need of doing broad research regarding a matter. Numerous individuals, particularly the individuals who live in oppressive circumstances, regularly don't feel great heading off to a library to investigate or find hard realities. You will need to investigate your theme on maltreatment by finding out about how it is seen and how it impacts individuals in different nations, if possible.</p><p></p><p>If you're going to utilize data from an article on aggressive behavior at home, make a point to remember it for your subject, in light of the fact that a significant number of the realities included there are difficult to copy. Get some information about how they would respond to the subjects of misuse that you present. Make an inquiry or two at work. You can likewise search out experts in your f ield, if possible.</p><p></p><p>If you compose a powerful paper points on misuse, you'll have confirmation that you have aced the craft of introducing this data to other people. Subsequently, you will see an emotional increment in your resume deals and CV's. At the point when you give influential papers on subjects on misuse, you'll see some genuine advantages in the future!</p>

Custom Dissertation Writing Services Review - What Is It

Custom Dissertation Writing Services Review - What Is It? For a composing administration, it's ideal to convey a wide variety of composing administrations. There's a ton about an organization which you need to comprehend before you start taking a gander at it as an incredible help. Our custom composing administration places you in charge from start to finish, so as to get the result that you want. Be sure you will get top fantastic help. Our editors have chosen heaps of locales offering free model expositions that may empower you to expand your own composition. You could utilize some of the attempted and-tried administrations from our best ten rundown or adventure out to find an alternate one whatever may be the occasion, our aides and tips can support you. Each perfect article organizations survey will gracefully you with itemized assessment of the most fundamental aspects of a composing administration. The Ultimate Strategy for Custom Dissertation Writing Services Review It's conceivable to really get expositions composed for you by and by now and don't need to stress over lifting a little finger. Obviously all papers must be genuine hand crafted papers duplicating another person's work is a certain fire approach to ensure you bomb totally and get expelled from your instructional class. In case you're a person who needs assistance in assembling a thesis as speedily as could reasonably be expected, you may utilize o ur remarkable composing group that will assist you with propelling your vocation. On the off chance that you have any ditherings or questions about your capacity to make a satisfactory paper, it will be a reasonable decision to approach our specialists for help. How to Get Started with Custom Dissertation Writing Services Review? Typically, it's additionally called a postulation. At the point when you are needing an exposition or proposal, pick the most believed, custom-composing administration in the business that will support you. Exposition is among the components that colleges figure as a parameter to work out an understudy's grip of a specific subject. Simply the best expositions are in a situation to intrigue the commission and permit you to get an average last imprint. The cost of your thesis will be dependent upon the cutoff time. Figure out how the absolute best exposition administrations can assist you with rounding out the paper. PhD paper composing administration is effectively the most intricate sort of exposition administrations. Our paper composing administrations are ensured to make you the perfect exposition conceivable. We're an overall thesis composing administration firm and our administrations aren't confined to a particular country. A reliable exposition help administration is the sole right activity when you require such significant paper composed by specialists. All the thesis composing administration experts have the ability to deal with tight cutoff times and deal with the gauge of the paper moreover. Being among the absolute best exposition composing administrations known on the business is a gigantic thing. Custom Dissertation Writing Services Review - the Story When it has to do with exposition composing, it's imperative to he lp the entirety of your data with great writing sources. On-line exposition composing administration is the handiest stage from which an individual may discover a thesis administrations. It's normally extremely easy to arrange exposition on the web and remain your regular day to day existence. It's recognizable there are scores of exposition composing administrations promptly accessible on the web. Paper help is our essential specialization. Paper, as you presumably know, is a very surprising issue. Buying a Dissertation Writing Services Reviews is definitely not a hard assignment in any capacity. Paper is the sort of work that requires a serious mentality. Thesis composing is, on the 1 hand, a very moving method. Exposition paper composing is a scary endeavor for those understudies and they all the occasion.

The Power Of Solar Power - 1466 Words

Introduction The South African power crisis needs little introduction as most of us spend our nights in the shadows singing â€Å"Hello Darkness My Old Friend† and ‘’I’ve Got the Power ’’ in the hope that at some point the glorious rays of light will return. This energy crisis sees little end in sight and leaves the people of our country with a need and responsibility to find alternative sources of energy - solar power is one of these solutions. Solar power is a brilliant idea as it harnesses the power of the sun and converts it into electricity, however it is very costly and it is inefficient because only 11 - 15% of the energy harnessed is converted into electricity. Solar panels are generally fixed at one position, usually at the angle that one’s roof slopes or at some other predetermined fixed position. According to research, by moving the panel with the sun there will be a marked increase in the efficiency and power output of the solar panel. I t is also claimed that temperature will affect the amount of energy produced. Thus, this project will aim to find out if there is a significant difference in efficiency as the sun moves around the solar panel and attempt to obtain the best possible efficiency by moving the panel with the sun throughout the day. By knowing this, it can be used by South African citizens to increase power, lower costs, lower the strain on ESKOM’s grid and improve their investment in solar panels. Investigative Question What is the relationship between theShow MoreRelatedThe Solar Of Solar Power Essay1290 Words   |  6 PagesSolar Power Innovations Solar Power has been observed as early as the year of 1839 by a French physicist named Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel. He invented the first photovoltaic cell. Since then his studies and works have been perfected on and continue to change the world in which we live for the better. Photovoltaic cells have constantly been evolving ever since. In 1883, Charles Fritts built the first solid state photovoltaic cell using materials such as gold and selenium. With further advances toRead MoreSolar Energy And Solar Power1492 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Solar energy is defined as the transformation of the sun’s rays into useful forms of energy, for instance, electricity and heat. The capacity of solar radiation a place receives depends on a variety of factors such as geographic location, time of day, season, and local weather. According to Knier (n.d.) photo voltaic and concentrating solar power cells are the two forms of sources to produce electricity. Photo voltaic cells generate electricity directly using solar cells and concentratedRead MoreSolar Power And Solar Energy1255 Words   |  6 PagesSolar energy is capable of providing a cleaner energy than most forms of energy generation, and solar energy is able to be generated economically. Solar energy reduces the amount of harm to the environment from energy generation, by providing a cleaner alternative. Solar energy also provides jobs for construction and installation of solar powered technologies. The cost of installing solar panels can vary greatly, but its long term benefits outweigh the costs. Typically a solar panel system isRead MoreSolar Power And Solar Energy1910 Words   |  8 Pages Solar Power Author Ming Zhang Abstract: this paper introduce solar power from several aspect. The situation of solar energy, the application we find in modern life. Let us to know the solar panel and two basic kind of solar farm. Finally, it illustrate the structure of PV cell, calculate the efficiency and introduce us one new kind of solar converters. Index terms: Solar Power, application Solar farm, Photovoltaic, converter Introduction As solar powerRead MoreThe Power Of Solar Energy1640 Words   |  7 PagesPower Use Solar power or what is commonly referred to as solar energy is the energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy. This form of energy is the cleanest and most abundant since it is almost everywhere in the world. It is also renewable and hence through modern technological advancement it be harnessed into a wide range of uses such as electricity generation, lighting or indoor use, water heating, machine driving and other commercial as well as industrial applicationsRead More Solar Power Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesSolar Power: An Alternative Energy Source Since first discovered in the 1860s, the concept of storing energy from the sun to use as a source of power has been studied and pursued by many programs. Either using solar collectors or photovoltaic cells, the methods of using solar power are becoming more efficient and cost-effective. Solar technology is currently being used by homes and businesses, but is still too expensive and risky for many residents. Researchers are still making advances to solarRead MoreSolar Power Of Solar Energy Essay2018 Words   |  9 PagesMOVABLE SOLAR POWER PLANT CUM SOLAR PUMP FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to the solar power plant. More, particularly, this invention relates to a movable solar power plant cum solar pump wherein the solar panels can be carried to one place to another and can produce simultaneously solar electricity for solar pump as well as electricity for various electrical equipment/apparatus. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION As fossil fuels put the planet in peril, hopes for future prosperity in the developingRead MoreSolar Power And Solar Energy2000 Words   |  8 PagesSolar Energy On one bright sunny day in July, as Victor was walking through the town where he was vacationing, he noticed something he had never seen before. Grid-like panels on top of a house sparked his curiosity. After returning to the hotel he was staying at, Victor asked to use the business center. He browsed the internet as he tried to figure out what the curious panels were. He eventually came across Solar panels in his search and he began to take an interest in the subject. Victor soon foundRead MoreThe Advantages of Solar Power597 Words   |  2 PagesSolar power has been a very popular power source in 1970’s, but lost its popularity to fossil fuels due to the potential savings. Because of the solar energy was a major component in providing power to the space crafts as during 1960’s there was space industry made their first step in serious use of technological means in powering up space crafts. This led the solar technologies and reliability to advance and cost to be redu ced. But solar power for non-space applications were came into place dueRead MoreImportance Of Solar Power1438 Words   |  6 PagesSolar Power This paper is going to be based on why should we use solar energy, how does it work, what are the advantages of solar power, and why should we apply solar power in the Dominican Republic. Did you know that the heat of the sun is about equivalent to burning a billion trillion tons of coal an hour? Even though only a small fraction of that heat ever reaches the earth is still more than enough to power up our whole planet. We are very certain that we have all heard about the terms fossil

There Is No Such Thing As An Undergraduate Research Paper Example

<h1>There Is No Such Thing As An Undergraduate Research Paper Example</h1><p>Most individuals, when requested a student inquire about paper model would state that there is nothing of the sort. That is valid. In any case, it doesn't imply that there is nothing of the sort and it isn't critical to simply get this thought and follow it.</p><p></p><p>Firstly, you should realize that most understudies would prefer really read your paper than an undergrad examine paper model. At the point when you get a decent one, you will get a chance to state 'alright, I don't care for it' and return to perusing what you definitely know. In this manner, the student look into paper model is significant however not excessively significant. In any case, when you experience a model, you will have the option to learn more in the long run.</p><p></p><p>The next thing to remember is that a proof is a bit of work that is given to you by another p erson and it must be turned in. Along these lines, on the off chance that you are requesting a paper for your alumni affirmations talk with, at that point try not to submit it as a proof. In the event that you submit it, it will end up being an issue for you. It will end up being the main thing that will prevent you from getting the job.</p><p></p><p>That is the reason you ought to never present your undergrad examine paper guide to another person. On the off chance that you are requesting a proof, simply offer it to an editor who can assess it and turn it in for you. In the event that you need to submit it as a proof, it ought to have been composed by you as per what you need to state in the paper.</p><p></p><p>When you compose your exploration paper model, you ought to never duplicate the model and simply change a couple of words. The essential part ought to be indistinguishable. You can utilize it as a beginning stage however you sh ould just utilize it on the off chance that you need it.</p><p></p><p>To finish this article, you should realize that you ought to give a valiant effort to do explore in the most conceivable manner. Subsequently, it is ideal to abstain from duplicating examples.</p><p></p><p>As I stated, there is nothing of the sort as an undergrad explore paper model. Nonetheless, reality despite everything remains that there is a great method to utilize it to assist you with making an examination paper.</p>

Which Health Policy Research Paper Topics Are Most Important?

<h1>Which Health Policy Research Paper Topics Are Most Important?</h1><p>Health arrangement inquire about is one of the most testing viewpoints in contemplating a subject as an analyst, and it is the same for the individuals who are keen regarding the matter. The point can be intriguing, however the exploration themes frequently incorporate troublesome issues to manage, just as techniques that are exceptional to that subject. There are various research points in medical coverage and a large number of them have been created so as to help increment the nature of the information that is gathered so as to make strategies and decisions.</p><p></p><p>One of the best zones of medical coverage explore is the subject of the executives, as there are more organizations that are leading examination on this zone. Policymakers need to ensure that the general execution of their organization is better than the one preceding, and this should be possible by ta king a gander at how the board is doing, what the executives is doing, and how well their subordinates are getting along. This sort of research has been utilized as a proportion of authority just as of the viability of the group inside the organization. While this probably won't be as energizing as examination into the highlights of the new Ford Explorer, it is a significant territory that ought to be investigated thoroughly.</p><p></p><p>One of the key issues with wellbeing strategy inquire about is the topic of populace change. This has been concentrated completely so as to decide the progressions that happen in a state after some time. These issues frequently lead to issues with finding a spot for new individuals into the territory, so this can influence the association just as the populace it serves.</p><p></p><p>Many consider themselves medical coverage experts, however in all actuality, they are prepared to give quality and admin istration in the region. Policymaking is one of the points that is in the best ten of wellbeing strategy look into, as policymakers have consistently been attempting to settle on choices that will guarantee the achievement of the association later on. There are various arrangement creators that don't check out this piece of the subject, which doesn't help their dynamic procedure. Thisis another zone where research is utilized to discover increasingly about the lives of the individuals that live in a specific area, as they will affect the expense of the protection and the administrations that are provided.</p><p></p><p>The objectives of the protection firms and the insurance agencies have consistently been the equivalent. The objective of these organizations is to get individuals secured and to keep them secured at the most ideal cost. This is done through buying approaches and keeping them paid for, and protection arrangement investigate is a method of helpin g the insurance agencies meet their goals.</p><p></p><p>Researchers take a gander at various distinctive strategy regions that identify with the act of medication. This incorporates how the clinical network sees patients and how they treat patients. The practices that are done in the United States are changing, and these progressions can be followed back to policymakers just as the clinical network. Wellbeing approach explore is a territory that can enable the business to keep awake to date and acclimate to the adjustments in the ebb and flow market.</p><p></p><p>The look into papers that are created on any subject are imperative to the strategy producers and the examination chiefs, in light of the fact that these papers give data that they need so as to enable the association to prevail later on. As a rule, it is an issue of whether the association will have the option to adjust to the progressions that are being made in the industry. </p>

Top Statistics Project Reviews!

<h1> Top Statistics Project Reviews! </h1> <h2>The Little-Known Secrets to Statistics Project </h2> <p>Fortunately, most top organizations don't expect understudies to join before they can get help. Fruitful undertakings will think about the compass of variables that sway work and preparing, including handicaps and family unit obligations. Have understudies endeavor to deliver various estimates which may show a chime bend conveyance, remembering grades for a test or how quick individuals may run 100 meters. Anything which you discover important for understudies or society will presumably fit for measurements venture! </p> <h2> Statistics Project - What Is It?</h2> <p>Your venture must be provocative and have believable realities to explain the objective of your measurements investigate. A measurements venture should give a point by point response to a specific research request. Completing an insights inquire about undertaking is n o basic accomplishment. 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There's negligible use in completing a muddled insights venture in the occasion the results of your examinations can't be definitively transmitte d to the crowd. In the absolute first occasion, you can get information about who or what influences nature in your district. Furthermore, all the referenced projects that may encourage and clean your undertaking is definitely no issue for our specialists. </p> <p>Selecting the best possible point for your measurements venture is the most basic part since you should think about your insight, accessible assets, the people who you are probably going to work with, and the cutoff times. By and large, you're going to require a spread page. The understudy will likewise need to incorporate all the fitting information, statistical data points that anybody perusing the paper might want to know. Starting at whatever point conceivable is significant as you will ought to completely attempt fundamental association and perusing to make certain your theme is educational and sensible. </p> <p>Even if it's not explicitly referenced in the venture guidelines, it's in acceptabl e practice to make on in any case, it is just going to include esteem. At the point when you have thought of data that you will investigate, think about a technique which you need to pick as an instrument of work. Composing a magnificent measurements venture needs a high level of fixation and an adequate timeframe. In case you will examine a relatively direct framework, remembering dissolving salt for water, at that point verify that your venture is at the level of a fourth year college undertaking, is far reaching, and covers numerous perspectives. </p> <p>If you buy a measurements look into paper from us, you will be decidedly astounded by the standard of our master administrations. For example, measurements can be used to fix the chances of somebody from a given piece of the usa preferring one model of vehicle over another, information that is valuable to promoters. To get your report accomplished by a pro, you should simply put in a request by taking care of in a req uest structure. </p> <h2> What You Must Know About Statistics Project</h2> <p>Evidently, factual information examination will assist you with producing your paper stuffed with thoughts. It's conceivable that the information may right now be in a situation to flexibly a decisive answer. In view of the multifaceted design of your subject it very well may be exceedingly dubious to amass the fundamental information. Out starter examines have discovered that there's an impressive number of information concerning the blood liquor content (BAC) of driving in lethal mishaps. </p> <h2> The Supreme Approach to Statistics Project </h2> <p>Ordering a redid work can assist you with seeing the way that it should be done, so the following example you would think that its conceivable to carry out the responsibility yourself and get predominant evaluations. In the event that anybody is battling with composing a heavenly measurable undertaking, they can get help from the redid exposition composing administration online since they can offer an exceptional excellent paper. 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Regardless of whether you're composing a little private company paper or a worldwide independent venture exposition for school or highschool, significance of taking as much time as necessary when picking the best possible subject may not be underscored enough. </p>

How Far In Your Society Should Unpopular Views Be Open For...

BP2014 Essay Issue Q12. How far, in your society, should unpopular views be open for discussion? In May 2013, Singapore’s media regulator, the Media Development Authority (MDA), introduce a new licensing framework regulating online news sites operating in Singapore. The move came as a surprise to many and elicited a wide array of responses. The Asia Internet Coalition (AIC), an industry association formed by eBay, Facebook, Google and Yahoo, argued that the new regulatory framework creates business uncertainty and stifles innovation, whereas the United States government criticised the move as a further restriction on freedom of expression in Singapore. While the Singapore government, predictably, defended the framework as necessary to†¦show more content†¦A renowned attorney, Shanmugam handles contentious debates on issues like racism, welfarism, immigration and even PAP’s authoritarian tendencies with consummate ease. He does not shy away from taking on unpopular views, and most crucially, he is not afraid of admitting that he is wrong when proven so. The fact of the matter is, examining and discussing the merits (or the lack thereof) of unpopular views legitimises the process of governance rather than undermines it. If we allow the process of open debate to reach its fullest conclusion, we will find that what remains is always the truth or the best possible decision for us to make, and that society would better for it. Obviously, there will remain those who habour fears that the unfettered discussion of sensitive and emotive issues would quickly descend into an uncivilised mess, characterised by vicious insults and illogical diatribes. Such fears are, of course, understandable, but they are ultimately misplaced. There is little evidence to suggest that Singaporeans are ill-equipped to handle the discussion of controversial and potentially divisive views; quite to the contrary. The recent debate that occurred online on the subject of homosexuality and liberal Islam was certainly a heated one. And there were, admittedly, more than a few discussants who allowed their emotions to get the better of them, not to mention nefarious trollsShow MoreRelatedFree Speech Freedom Of Speech1689 Words   |  7 Pageswisdom; and no such thing as public liberty, without freedom of speech.† With this quote in mind, freedom of speech should surely be guaranteed right in a every institution. There are various fo rms of free speech to powerful speeches at a peaceful protest to a girl posting a selfie. Freedom of speech is the key concept that is basis of every human right. This inherent right should be protected and supported in a place where young minds are developing. As political tensions have risen, so have theRead MoreMainstream Acceptance of Homosexuality in our Society Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesMainstream Acceptance of Homosexuality in our Society In todays society, there exists a myriad of issues which, when discussed, tend to raise the temperature of the citizens proverbial blood. There are a handful of topics that always seem to escalate this temperature to the boiling point among individuals who earnestly participate in discussion, debate and argument. Some examples of such delicate subjects are the death penalty, abortion, and euthanasia. An issue that has in recent years,Read More`` On Teenagers And Tattoos `` By Andres Martin Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pagescelebrities. Teenagers are exploring the realm of body modifications at ever increasing rate, but contradictory to common opinion, tattoos are a great candidate for an emotional catalyst, source of stability in a time of need, or reminders of time long far gone. â€Å"On Teenagers and Tattoos† is an informational article, written by Andres Martin, which discusses the reasons and psychology behind the rising popularity of tattoos amongst adolescents. Martin (2000) starts by identifying the simple reason ofRead MoreFreedom of Speech Essay2165 Words   |  9 PagesFreedom of Speech With varying opinions and beliefs, our society needs to have unlimited freedom to speak about any and everything that concerns us in order to continually improve our society. Those free speech variables would be speech that creates a positive, and not negative, scenario in both long-terms and short-terms. Dictionary.com defines Freedom of Speech as, â€Å"the right of people to express their opinions publicly without governmental interference, subject to the laws against libelRead MoreEducational Theory of Socrates4392 Words   |  18 Pageswar had finished. He married and raised one child with his wife but it is thought that he had another two children with his second wife. It was after this that he started to develop his thoughts and theories. He began to question what knowledge was, how it was acquired and what made humans different from animals in their learning and education (see appendix 1). Socrates believed in the individual learning capabilities of his students. By asking them continual questions he would never leadRead MoreVirtue and Prince4449 Words   |  18 PagesWikipedia The Qualities of a Prince (Chapters 14-19) Each of the following chapters presents a discussion about a particular virtue or vice that a prince might have, and is therefore structured in a way which appears like traditional advice for a prince. However the advice is far from traditional. [edit] A Princes Duty Concerning Military Matters (Chapter 14) Machiavelli believes that a princes main focus should be on perfecting the art of war. He believes that by taking this profession a ruler willRead More Censorship - A Clash of Wills and Morals Essay4147 Words   |  17 Pagescanonized. The great works of the literary canon are each striking texts that encapsulate a new voice, idea, point of view, or controversial subject matter; each of these works contains a new and exciting concept. If there were nothing striking about these works, they would never have been canonized. However, with these new ideas and points of view comes suspicion and fear. If one critic lauds a novel for giving a new perspective on a controversial issue, there is no doubt Read MoreWhat s A Name?2889 Words   |  12 Pagesnames that roll off your tongue so everyday? Do you stop to picture Nelson, 170 years ago, imagining the people that walk the same path to work as you everyday, down Trafalgar Street? These steps that the first settlers of Nelson made, have shaped our city, creating the perfect base for following generations to make change upon. As generations have occupied Nelson, the names of these streets have developed with our culture, creating change for the future; however, as our society has changed, do theRead MoreA Look at Petas Public Relations Programs2958 Words   |  12 Pagesweaknesses of PETA’s numerous public relations campaigns, further explaining the reasoning behind PETA’s use of radical PR tactics, what comparable animal rights organizations are doing, and finally looking at how PETA can improve its public relations programs. The first topic of discussion is PETA itself. The acronym â€Å"PETA† stands for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. PETA is an international nonprofit charitable organization. Based in Norfolk, Virginia, the organization has affiliatesRead MoreAnarchy State and Utopia Chapter 7 Summary5678 Words   |  23 Pagesshares some error may have crept. So it is an open question, at least, whether redistribution should take place; whether we should do again what has already been done once, though poorly. However, we are not in the position of children who have been given portions of pie by someone who now makes last minute adjustments to rectify careless cutting. There is no central distribution, no person or group entitled to control all the resources, jointly deciding how they are to be doled out. What each person

Guidelines For Automatic Writing Images Essay

Guidelines For Automatic Writing Images EssayTips for writing images in essays can be invaluable when you are writing your first essay. These guidelines for automatic writing images essay will help you make the best essay possible. They will also help you make sure that you are getting exactly what you want when you are writing your essay.The first thing that you should do when you are writing an essay is to keep it simple. You should stick to a simple format. Keep the essay short and simple.Do not try to write about too many subjects when you are writing. This is a very bad idea. If you attempt to write about too many subjects, then your essay is going to look unprofessional. Stick to one subject when you are writing your essay.Use your cover letters when you are writing your essay. Cover letters can be a great help when you are writing an essay. The cover letters will help you create a good impression on the editor of the writing services that you are using. They will think that yo u are professional and have some knowledge of the business.While you are writing your essay, write from the heart. Do not try to hide your true feelings from your audience. The audience wants honest opinions. Keep your opinions from being political or complicated.Essays should not be about things that you do not understand. You do not need to understand every part of every subject that you are writing about. If you are going to write about something that you do not understand, then you are going to be making the readers to guess what you are trying to say.Essays are not designed to make the reader feel comfortable. An essay is meant to make the reader feel intelligent. When you are writing essays, do not try to write as if you are speaking to a class. You should speak from the heart.The above are guidelines for automatic writing images essay. They will help you make sure that you are following the proper protocol when you are writing your essay. You should do everything that you can to make sure that you are getting the best information for your essay. The people who are reading your essay will want to see exactly what you are trying to get across.

The World History LQ Essay Sample Will Help You Understand the Essay and Guide You Through Your Writing Process

The World History LQ Essay Sample Will Help You Understand the Essay and Guide You Through Your Writing ProcessIn the LQ Essay World History Leq essay sample, you will find the tests you will be required to take to pass your AP Exam. This type of essay test is called a Practice Test and you will not be given the same essay questions again. It is important to understand that there are many different AP tests and many of them will test a different aspect of the subject matter than the others.Your first AP exam will require that you take the essay, by subject. There are numerous subjects that you will be tested on in this test including public speaking, business writing, technical writing, and essay editing. These different sections are not the only types of essays that you will be required to write but they are some of the most common.The format of the test is the same throughout the world. It will include multiple choice questions on topics you have just learned and will give you a ch ance to review before you even get to the writing part. When it comes to analyzing the essay, you will also need to write about what you have read in the essay and how it would apply to you. Remember, when answering the test, you will need to show your own knowledge to be successful.Your writing skills are essential in your success at this test. The world history LQ essay sample will ask you to present a thesis, write about a short essay, and discuss a large essay. You can either use the AP Essay world History Course online or use an actual copy of the AP World History Course.The essay will have several choices as well. The essay, by subject, section, or essay, by topic will be listed for you. Be sure to remember each option so that you know which to choose. The topics, as well as essay, sections, and samples arenot written in such a way that they will be too difficult to grasp.For each essay, you will be given a Practice Test. Before the test you will be asked to select your topic, which is where you will start writing the essay. The Practice Test is one of the best ways to review and ensure that you will not forget any important information that you may have missed during the actual test.You will find that the world history LQ essay sample will provide all of the data needed for you to be able to write about your topic. After you fill out the questions on the page, you will then be allowed to begin writing. Many times there are abbreviations that are required for spelling, so you should also be familiar with these.The essay and all of the material are clearly explained throughout the test. The online world history course or your local AP world history course will provide you with the same information. With a little bit of work and knowledge, you will be able to pass this test with flying colors.

Tips to Get an Analysis Essay Writing Process Right

<h1>Tips to Get an Analysis Essay Writing Process Right</h1><p>An examination exposition is considered as the reason for your affirmation test and is a significant piece of the way toward getting a paper test. The assignment of setting up an article includes a great deal of details which are significant for a legitimate presentation. While composing an exposition, there are a couple of tips that you should remember that will assist you with composing a paper successfully.</p><p></p><p>The first tip that you should know is to utilize short and straightforward sentences in your article. The sentence ought not be long to such an extent that it has no sense. It ought to contain only a few words and can be written in less than 200 words. These are the guidelines that each understudy of English must follow. You can likewise find out about the standards of sentence structure in your school or school in the event that you are curious about them.</ p><p></p><p>The second tip is to consistently make the paper as intriguing as could be expected under the circumstances. Each one needs to finish their paper assessment, yet they must have legitimate point and plan before that. The paper ought to contain all the things that you need to appear in your article and not simply be simply something that you need to expound on. Your article should consistently show your insight in the topic that you are attempting to introduce in the essay.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous things that you have to consider when composing an exposition. To start with, you have to accumulate all the data that you have to bring out in your exposition. Subsequent to social occasion all the data, you have to utilize legitimate syntax to get an appropriate importance out of your paper. This is the most significant thing that you have to recall while composing an essay.</p><p></p><p>You can utiliz e numerous sources to assemble the data that you have to introduce in your exposition. You can likewise utilize your educators, schoolmates, your companions and even web inquire about. Every one of these sources will assist you with get-together the significant data for your paper. On the off chance that you utilize every one of these sources, at that point you can guarantee that you can make a decent and adjusted exposition. It will be increasingly valuable for you when contrasted with simply expounding on the data that you got from various sources.</p><p></p><p>You ought to consider the time that you need to finish the way toward composing an exposition. The most ideal approach to complete the way toward composing an article is to make the paper as basic as could reasonably be expected. In the event that you feel that the errand of composing a paper isn't simple for you, at that point consider employing a professional writer to carry out the responsibility for you.</p><p></p><p>You will spare a ton of time by recruiting somebody to do the exposition for you. In the event that you consider that it is a hard assignment for you to compose an article, at that point it will be a lot simpler for a professional writer to finish the errand for you. The better nature of composing will likewise accompany the master assessment of the phantom writer.</p><p></p><p>It is workable for you to discover different professional writers who are master recorded as a hard copy papers. A portion of the sites will permit you to send the exposition diagram to them and the cost will rely upon the nature of the substance that you give them. In the event that you need to get a thought of what is required for an article, at that point you can simply look the internet.</p>

Custom research papers writing is helpful in answering the current situation of the clients. The custom research papers gives you the support and information to answer all the questions and concerns. Custom Research Papers Writing

<h1>Custom inquire about papers composing is useful in noting the present circumstance of the customers. The custom research papers offers you the help and data to response all the inquiries and concerns. Custom Research Papers Writing</h1><p>Custom look into papers composing is another strategy for doing examines. This new innovation is considerably more productive and compelling than typical kind of research papers. Notwithstanding, it is more costly than standard sorts of research papers.</p><p></p><p>When composing your examination papers, you will find that there are loads of approaches to do it. A few people incline toward composing the exploration papers without anyone else in light of the fact that they like to do everything themselves. In any case, on the off chance that you are going to give this as your activity, it is significant that you don't take it too seriously.</p><p></p><p>The custom research papers can be made in various manners. You can either compose the exploration papers yourself or recruit an examination master. For this situation, the expense would increment by a great deal. In any case, on the off chance that you enlist a specialist, the expense would be reduced.</p><p></p><p>If you will do your own exploration papers, it is significant that you do the examination yourself. By doing this, you will find out about the correct methods to do the examination and will have the option to comprehend the progression of the information.</p><p></p><p>A great approach to do the custom research papers is through online research. Online research implies that you can play out the exploration on the web. You simply need to make a record on a web based site and start your exploration for free.</p><p></p><p>Make sure that you have looked into so as to make the ideal research. During the time spent research, you have to know the correct techniques that can help you in understanding the data. You should be set up to learn.</p><p></p>

Uk Based Online Casino Gaming - 1717 Words

Blog 25 – UK based online casinos that work with Neteller When it comes to online casino gaming plastic is slowly becoming a thing of the past, as players are ditching it for digital-based payment methods. PayPal is probably the most common form of digital based payment method (commonly referred to as an ewallet service), but they are by no means the lead name when it comes to online gambling. Eclipsing the retail payment powerhouse, Neteller is the leading name when it comes to online casino gaming ewallet providers, as they are a brand that is well represented on British shores. More and more operators are now seeing the value in offering Neteller based payment and withdrawal services to members. Giving players the perfect leg-up when†¦show more content†¦Offering a wide array of games that total 200 at last count, with titles including Avalon, Jurassic Park, South Park, Aliens, Jack Hammer, and Playboy available in just a few clicks. Accessing and paying into these games has now been made easy through Royal Panda’s inclus ion of the Neteller ewallet payment method. Casino Cruise Much like Royal Panda, Casino Cruise is another new online casino operator that has come along in recent times. Perfect for UK based players, this online casino has obtained popularity by offering up a unique theme and premise to users. While it still offers up plenty of major cash prizes through the 600 plus games made available on site, it also places heavy focus on non-cash prizes. Holiday giveaways are often the call of the day at Casino Cruise, which has helped make this provider so popular. What they have also done to make the online casino experience as enjoyable as possible is bring Neteller on board. With Neteller standing behind Casino Cruise, along with software developers such as Microgaming and NetEnt, the online casino is able to offer the total gambling experience. Betway Turn on any UK based TV these days and you will likely to be confronted with an advert for Betway, Growing slowly but surely, Betway has emerged as one of the most impressive online casinos in recent memory, with even the most ardent of online casino player finding something to like within

A Few Tips On Research Sample Papers

<h1>A Few Tips On Research Sample Papers</h1><p>If you make some little memories to save on a Sunday, you can get a head start on examine test papers. There are many free assets on the web where you can do this and learn as you go. The measure of perusing that is required when reading for a test or for college will be negligible with the privilege tools.</p><p></p><p>In request to begin, you should initially scan the Internet with the expectation of complimentary assets and utilize the catchphrases 'test inquire about papers' and see what you think of. You should limit your inquiry. You will need to search for an open source programming that can incorporate and separate information from different sites and databases. At that point you can take a gander at different assets online for study aids.</p><p></p><p>Many of these free assets are completely allowed to utilize. On the off chance that there is an article or a blog that offers some type of research control, you can utilize it too. Nonetheless, you ought not take a lot of the data on these sites for granted.</p><p></p><p>Online you will discover various assets regarding the matter, the majority of which are composed by individuals who are knowledgeable about the field. In any case, you should even now utilize your best judgment before utilizing them. You can generally return to the books you have utilized and check for extra material that might be needed.</p><p></p><p>When you have chosen which asset you will utilize, the following stage is to choose what type of test inquire about papers you will be taking a shot at. There are a few unique sorts and the most ideal approach to find out about them is to pick an asset that offers the material that you need.</p><p></p><p>Different locales offer an assortment obviously diagram types. Many offer a course layout for nothing out of pocket. This implies you should simply to get the framework to work out the material for the week, at that point you can order and alter the material and send it to the individual college. By doing this, you will have the option to pass the course easily.</p><p></p><p>You can likewise get a free course plot that is designed in a sorted out manner and that has a decent blend of both formal and casual data. For instance, it will have connections to a scope of various books and different assets that can be utilized by the understudies. It is imperative to ensure that the examination direct you pick offers all the data that you need and doesn't contain any data that you don't need.</p>

Essay Topics - The Essay Writing Process

<h1>Essay Topics - The Essay Writing Process</h1><p>How do you know what true to life article points to expound on? Generally, in case you're an understudy at a multi year college, you definitely realize how to approach composing an incredible one. That is on the grounds that your educator, your reading material, and even your significant courses will regularly give the premise to your papers. You should be mindful of the decisions you make when forming an exposition, notwithstanding, with the goal that you can guarantee that it is on a par with it can be.</p><p></p><p>It's critical to take note of that there are a wide range of true to life paper subjects to look over. As a rule, your theme ought to be applicable to your subject. This implies it must identify with the subject somehow or another. Despite the fact that the theme may have nothing to do with your topic, the substance of the paper is subject to whether it does or not. In the even t that it doesn't identify with your subject in any capacity, at that point you might need to consider picking another topic.</p><p></p><p>After you've picked your theme, you can work with the subject of composing that accompanies paper points. The exposition can be first experience with the subject and give the structure to what you will expound on. Frequently, your theme is all you have to begin. On the off chance that you do want to add a couple of subtleties to your theme, at that point you can consider including these as you continue along.</p><p></p><p>Once you have picked the subject, you can start composing. Obviously, since this is a true to life paper, there are a wide range of sorts of thinking of you can do. The choices incorporate true articles, recounted stories, anecdotal stories, or pretty much whatever else you can consider. You basically need to guarantee that the substance is as pertinent to the point as could reason ably be expected, and that it is accurate.</p><p></p><p>When it comes to article composing, precision is critical. Nothing ruins a decent theme very like counterfeiting. Therefore, you should ensure that you just utilize content from trustworthy sources. On the off chance that you set aside the effort to explore the source, you should find that you aren't submitting plagiarism.</p><p></p><p>There are a couple of approaches to composing a unique exposition. One is to concentrate on a similar theme as another essayist. Different scholars can furnish you with thoughts and you can add them to your own piece. Another approach is to take someone else's conclusion and utilize that as the reason for your own essay.</p><p></p><p>When you are looking into paper points, you ought to never dismiss any wellspring of data. All things considered, it is a smart thought to look at a few changed sources and the equivalent is vali d for inquiring about article themes. You need to be certain that all that you read is real and exact. On the off chance that you have questions about the data you are getting, it's a smart thought to look into a subsequent source and check whether there is another perspective.</p><p></p><p>All taking all things together, with regards to exposition points, you don't need to stress over something over the top. You simply need to guarantee that the substance is acceptable and that it identifies with the theme. In the event that you utilize this exhortation and follow the fundamental advances, you shouldn't have an excess of trouble.</p>

Breast Cancer Research Papers - Where Can You Find Information on Research Papers Related to Your Topic?

Breast Cancer Research Papers - Where Can You Find Information on Research Papers Related to Your Topic?Most people don't believe that you can find information on the internet. However, they will be shocked when they see the amount of breast cancer research papers that you can find by simply searching a term or two on the web. If you want to understand more about the process of researching breast cancer research papers, then read on. I will tell you how you can find information on research papers related to your topic.The first thing you should do when you want to find information on cancer research papers is to find some reliable sources. You need to know who is giving out this information and you need to do this before you begin. This is the only way to ensure that you get accurate information. The next step is to go to the internet and search for the topic that you are researching. If the topic is related to breast cancer research papers, then you will want to locate the informati on online.The next step is to find some free databases so that you can get a lot of information in one place. The next step is to visit these databases and use the search engines to locate the information you need. When you do this, you will have many options available to you, which is great because you will be able to choose from many different ways to locate the information you need.It is best to get the information you need right away, so you can avoid having to keep searching for a long time, waiting for your research papers to come in. The next step is to try to find the websites that offer free information. You should start by looking at the free databases available, and then you can move to find the websites that offer the information you need.To find information on breast cancer research papers, you will want to focus on the most comprehensive and updated websites that are available. These websites will usually offer free reports, which will help you find out about breast ca ncer research. It is important to know that there are many different things that you can learn about cancer, and you should always have access to information on the internet. This is the only way to ensure that you are doing everything you can to keep yourself and your family safe.If you want to do a lot of research on breast cancer research papers, then you need to know where to look for them. Since research papers are not easily found, you may be looking in the wrong places. You will want to focus on information found on the free databases. Most of the information that you find on the internet is often free, so this is a great place to start when you want to find information on cancer research papers.You should try to find more information on research papers when you can find them. You should make sure that you continue to get the information that you need so that you can stay informed. You should also be able to understand what you are reading so that you can make the best decisi ons possible.You should do everything you can to prevent cancer, and research papers are the key to success. If you want to do the research to find out about breast cancer research papers, then you need to focus on the internet. Finding the information that you need is easier than ever before, so make sure that you understand all of the details before you commit to anything.

Essay Samples - How to Write an Essay a Samples

Essay Samples - How to Write an Essay a SamplesEssay samples is basically the term of introduction to the content of a student's paper. Generally, the essay samples is just a few paragraphs with a small introduction. This section will include a definition of the student's topic, a list of various examples or facts which support the argument and the conclusion of the writer. This part is used for writing the final paper.For better understanding, you should start by looking at the purpose of the essay. What is the main idea or topic of the essay? Why should you make this paper? These are the questions that need to be answered in order to come up with an answer to the question of how to write an essay samples.The first thing that you have to do is to gather all the information that is related to the topic of the sample essay. By doing this, you will be able to come up with an idea about the paper's content. The next step is to make a list of all the examples or facts that you will use i n the paper.Every piece of information will have a different kind of value. It will be a good idea to focus on your topic and pick out the information that can support your thesis. Once you have narrowed down the list, the next step is to think of the main idea that will help you write the paper.The best way to do this is to choose a sample essay or test, where you can find a similar topic. For example, if you are writing on the weather, you can check out the weather example provided in the Wikipedia, or you can look for a weather example from any online resource.This will help you to make your paper easier to understand by making the different level of information easier to comprehend. Moreover, you will be able to spot common mistakes that other students have made. For example, if the teacher asks you a question and you cannot answer it, you will know that you are not really clear.After coming up with an idea about the problem, writing the paper will become an easy task. It will b e much easier to comprehend what you are writing. You will also have an idea as to how many passages will be required to finish the paper.Now, after you have written the sample essay, the next step is to check the correct spellings of the spelling mistakes. By following this, you will be able to focus more on how to correctly spell the word.

Kite Runner Discussion Questions - 4262 Words

KITE RUNNER Discussion Questions 1. The novel begins with Amirs memory of peering down an alley, looking for Hassan who is kite running for him. As Amir peers into the alley, he witnesses a tragedy. The novel ends with Amir kite running for Hassans son, Sohrab, as he begins a new life with Amir in America. Why do you think the author chooses to frame the novel with these scenes? Refer to the following passage: Afghans like to say: Life goes on, unmindful of beginning, end...crisis or catharsis, moving forward like a slow, dusty caravan of kochis [nomads]. How is this significant to the framing of the novel? The author chooses to frame the novel with these scenes because I think that in the first chapter the readers can see that Amir is†¦show more content†¦The â€Å"look of the lamb† is his loyalty to Amir. He is willing to sacrifice even rape just for Amir. He also sees that look from Sohrab when he was dancing and accepting that he will be doing that for the rest of his life. 7. America acts as a place for Amir to bury his memories and a place for Baba to mourn his. In America, there are homes that made Babas house in Wazir Akbar Khan look like a servants hut. What is ironic about this statement? What is the function of irony in this novel? The irony in the story is that Baba was very wealthy and influential in Kabul. A lot of people knew him because of his good works. However, in America he only works in a gas station and misses everything about his home. Baba and Amir’s going to America is Baba’s gift to Amir even if it means that he would suffer. He is terribly homesick in America. They live in an apartment in San Jose but in Kabul, Baba’s house was the most beautiful one in their district. The function of irony in this novel is that you could be the most influential, most powerful person one day and the next day you are just an ordinary person with nothing at all. 8. What is the significance of the irony in the first story that Amir writes? After hearing Amirs story, Hassan asks, Why did the man kill his wife? In fact, why did he ever have to feel sad to shed tears? Couldnt he have just smelled an onion? How is his reaction to the story a metaphor for Amirs life? How does thisShow MoreRelatedKite Runner Discussion Questions4272 Words   |  18 PagesKITE RUNNER Discussion Questions 1. The novel begins with Amirs memory of peering down an alley, looking for Hassan who is kite running for him. As Amir peers into the alley, he witnesses a tragedy. The novel ends with Amir kite running for Hassans son, Sohrab, as he begins a new life with Amir in America. Why do you think the author chooses to frame the novel with these scenes? Refer to the following passage: Afghans like to say: Life goes on, unmindful of beginning, end...crisis or catharsisRead MoreKite Runner Discussion Questions974 Words   |  4 Pages1. The novel begins with Amir s memory of peering down an alley, looking for Hassan who is kite running for him. 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Techonology and Decision Making Paper Hcs 482 Free Essays

Running head: TECHNOLOGY AND DECISION MAKING Technology and Decision Making University of Phoenix Healthcare Informatics HCS/482 Richard Ong November 15, 2008 Technology and Decision Making Technology, decision-making processes, and data accessibility have changed dramatically in recent years. This paper will discuss systems and informatics theories. The paper will confer on the Data, Information, and Knowledge (DIK) Model. We will write a custom essay sample on Techonology and Decision Making Paper Hcs 482 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The role of expert system in nursing care and medicine will be provided. Decision aids and decision support systems are used everyday providing focus, leadership and direction within technology and will be examined. The use of technology for patient and client management will be explored. An analysis of the impact of technology on healthcare and health status will be investigated. Systems and Informatics Theories Systems are â€Å"a group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements forming a complex whole† (Systems, n. d. , Definition). Systems describe healthcare, schools, computers, and a person. The systems are either open or closed. Closed systems are inoperable to function with others third party products and open systems are designed to allow third party products to plug in or interoperate with the system. Neither system interacts with the environment. Open systems consist of three characteristics; purpose, functions, and structure (Englebardt and Nelson, 2002). Systems can have more than one purpose based on the needs of the user. Functions that the system will need to carry out need to be identified for the system to achieve its purpose. The â€Å"systems are structured in ways that allow them to perform their functions† (Englebardt Nelson, 2002, p. 6). The two types of models used to conceptualize the structure of a system; hierarchical and web (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). Some examples of system applications are; institution wide, specialty support, documentation, administrations, operations, expert, stand alone information, and decision support. The study of healthcare informatics incorporates theories from information Nursing science, computer science, cognitive science, along with other sciences used in the healthcare delivery (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). Three models that represent the informatics theories are; Shannon and Weaver’s information-communication model, Blum’s model and The Nelson data to wisdom continuum. Shannon and Weaver’s model states that a message starts with the sender and is converted to a code by the encoder. The converted message can be letters, words, music, symbols or a computer code (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). The message is carried by a channel and along with the message noise is transmitted in the space to the decoder where the message is converted to a format that is understood by the receiver. â€Å"Bruce L. Blum developed a definition of information from an analysis of the accomplishments in medical computing† (Englebardt Nelson, 2002, p. 12). According to Blum the three types of healthcare computing applications are; data, information and knowledge (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). Data is information that is not interpreted. Data that is processed and displayed is categorized as information and when the data and information are combined and formalized knowledge results (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). â€Å"A knowledge base includes the interrelationship between the data and information† (Englebardt Nelson, 2002, p. 13). The Nelson Data to Wisdom Continuum states the four types of healthcare computing applications are; data, information, knowledge and wisdom. The four overlap at all times. Data is the naming, collecting and organizing the message. Information is further organizing and interpreting the message. Knowledge occurs when the message is interpreted, integrated and understood. Wisdom is the ability to understand and apply the message with compassion. Data, Information and Knowledge Model â€Å"Nursing informatics, as defined by the American Nurses Association(ANA), is a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science and information science to manage and communicate data, information and knowledge in nursing practice† (Newbold, 2008, para. 1). Decision making by healthcare professionals is based on the assimilation of data, information and knowledge to support patient care. Organizing data, information and knowledge for the processing by computers is accomplished through the use of information technology and information structures (Newbold, 2008). The first level is data which â€Å"†¦are recorded (captured and stored) symbols and signal readings† (Liew, 2007, Definitions). Data is bits of information though to just have data is not meaningful to decision making. The second level is information which is organized, interpreted and communicated data between machines or humans. Characteristics of quality information are: complete and clear in its descriptions, accurate, measurable, preferably by measurable objective means such as numbers, variable by independent observers, promptly entered, rapidly and easily available when needed, objective, rather than subjective, comprehensive, including all necessary informati on, appropriate to each user’s needs, clear and unambiguous, reliable, easy and convenient form to interpret, classify, store, retrieve and update† (Theoretical issues, 1998, Concepts). Knowledge is the third level of the model and is the collection of information that is obtained from several sources to produce a concept used to achieve a basis for logical decision-making. The information needs to be useful and applied to be known as knowledge. The final level is Wisdom which â€Å"†¦is the highest level of being able to understand and apply knowledge using compassion† (Theoretical issues, 1998, Concepts). â€Å"Information consists of data, but data is not necessarily information. Also, wisdom is knowledge, which in turn is information, which in turn is data, but, for example, knowledge is not necessarily wisdom. So wisdom is a subset of knowledge, which is a subset of information, which is a subset of data† (Steyn, 2001, para. 2). Without an understanding of the source of data and information which is based on activities and situations, the relationship between data, information, and knowledge will not be understood (Liew, 2007). Expert Systems in Nursing Care and Medicine Medical artificial intelligence is primarily concerned with the structure of Artificial Intelligence (AI) programs that perform diagnosis and make therapy recommendations. Unlike medical applications based on other programming methods, such as purely statistical and probabilistic methods, medical AI programs are based on symbolic models, such as statistical and probabilistic methods, medical AI programs are based on symbolic models of disease entities and their relationship to patient factors and clinical manifestations’ as defined by Clancey and Shortliffe (1984). Expert systems (ES) in nursing care and medic ine fill an appropriate role with intelligent programs offering significant benefits. They hold medical knowledge containing specifically defined tasks and are able to reason with data from individual patients responding with reasoned conclusions. The advantages of an expert system over a doctor are: 1. A large database of knowledge can be added and kept up to date with the ability of a large amount to be stored. 2. The system does not forget or get facts wrong. 3. The continued existence of the knowledge is forever not lost with death or retirement. 4. The computer can make contact with specialist knowledge that a doctor may not have. . The ES may shorten time to make the correct diagnosis and reduce diagnostic errors. 6. Countries with a large number of population and have physicians are limited can receive medical knowledge leading to prompt care. ES’s are not replacing doctors or nurses but are being used by them stimulating an interrogated large database of knowledge of a human expert. Decision Aids and Decision Support Systems Decision support systems (DS S) are systems that â€Å"model and provide support for human decision-making processes in clinical situations. They are advanced technologies that support clinical decision making by interfacing evidence-based clinical knowledge at the point of care with real-time clinical data at significant clinical decision points†(Gregory, 2006, p. 21). Decision support systems offer various methods of decision support, including recommendations for diagnostic testing, critical lab value alerts, help with diagnosis and advice for clinicians on what medications to use. According to the British Medical Journal, â€Å"Clinical decision support systems do not always improve clinical practice, however. In a recent systematic review of computer based systems, most (66%) significantly improved clinical practice, but 34% did not† (Kawanoto, Houlihan, Balas, Lobach, 2005, p. 769). Decision support systems can improve patient outcomes however; more studies are needed to develop better systems. Decisions by their very nature are uncertain, medical decisions have the added complexity of involving an individual’s values and beliefs as related to the risk-benefit profiles or uncertain outcomes of medical treatment. The goal of using a decision aid is to help the patient make informed decisions based on his or her belief and value system. Limited and conflicting research on the use of decision aids makes it impossible to determine if having patients use a decision aid would benefit him or her. According to an article published in the Medical Decision Making Journal â€Å"Decision aids are a promising new technological innovation in health care, however, like any new innovation, their widespread adoption needs to be preceded by a careful evaluation of their potential harms, rather than an uncritical promotion of their potential benefits† (Nelson, Han, Fagerlin, Stefanek, Ubel, 2007, p. 617). Decision aids can be an important addition to promoting shared decision making between the physicians and patient however, decision aids â€Å"may send the wrong message to patients about the goals of decision making, or lead patients to believe that they can reduce or eliminate uncertainty when confronting decisions† (Nelson, Han, Fagerlin, Stefanek, Ubel, 2007, p. 618) Technology for Patient and Client Management Technology can be used in many areas of patient and client management. Technology is said to have the potential to bring the patient and healthcare providers together creating patient-centered care. The goal of patient-centered care is to empower the patients, give patients choices and tailor treatment decisions based on the patient’s beliefs, values, cultural traditions, their family situations and their lifestyles. Technology impacts this concept when healthcare providers use clinical information systems such as enhanced patient registration systems which uses the internet or onsite wireless devices, using decision aids and decision support systems, Telemonitoring Devices, and the electronic health record. New technology will help healthcare providers with patient management by increasing the ability of healthcare providers to retrieve and apply accurate information about their patients quickly and allow patients to acquire information to improve control of their diagnosis and or treatments and to talk with their healthcare providers. Technology on Healthcare and Health Status Analysis The future holds many technological changes that will affect healthcare directly and help shape our already powerful profession. Technological advances will dramatically change healthcare provider’s roles and the healthcare delivery systems. Computers are not unusual for a patient to use to surf the Internet to find information related to the diagnosis. Patients may also browse the Internet and find conditions here the symptoms are closely related to what he or she is experiencing. He reads all he can find, and when he goes to the doctor he may be informed, misinformed, or over-informed, regarding the possible diagnosis of his problem. Technology presents to the healthcare consumer a tremendous resource of information regarding his healthcare. Computers, biosensors, implants, genetic therapies, and imaging devices are examples of the emerging technologies of the 21st century. Medical artificial intelligence in contexts such as computer-assisted surgery, electrocardiography and fetal monitoring interpretation, clinical diagnosis, and genetic counseling will have a major impact on our future. Telemedicine currently ranges from radiographic consultations across cities to telebiotic surgeries across hemispheres (Cohen, Furst, Keil Keil, 2006). Interactive disks already assist patients to make more independent medical decisions regarding their care. Devices for home use can help monitor blood pressure and blood glucose or perform a pregnancy test. Technology also helps assist patients with finding information regarding a diagnosis. Although technology is very beneficial to healthcare other concerns continue to exist. Every day healthcare providers use complex machinery, including many types of monitors, ventilators, intravenous pumps, feeding pumps, suction devices, electronic beds and scales, lift equipment, and assistive devices. The directions for use of many of these machines are not self-evident and may be highly complicated. As a result, some patients may endure injury secondary to misuse of the product (Cohen, Furst, Keil Keil, 2006). The company may also incur unexpected expenses if the equipment becomes damaged and need to be replaced. Similarly, new computer systems present many learning difficulties for healthcare providers. Many computer systems are not user friendly. Computer systems designers are notorious for supplying computers with numerous advanced but obscure functions, but these systems often lack the ability to make daily tasks easier t accomplish. Millions of dollars have een wasted on computer systems that are not used or are underused because the user needs were not assessed before the systems were designed (Thielst, 2007). There remain three basic reasons for the continued increase in healthcare costs: inflation, increased demand for services as a result of federal programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, and expensive technological advances in medicine. Conclusion In conclusion, signi ficant economic and social trends are dramatically altering the forms of healthcare delivery in the United States and the roles played by healthcare providers. Advances in technology, globalization of culture and communication, ever-widening computer applications, aging of the population, and dynamic changes in the healthcare industry are among major developments (Thielst, 2007). To cope with and to contribute to the future of healthcare, the healthcare team must understand how computers are now being used in healthcare, and they must be able to work with computers in a cost-effective manner in their healthcare practice. No matter what delivery system is in place in a particular institution, healthcare providers will find that each is vitally involved with ensuring quality and in discovering measurable ways of monitoring quality. References W. J. Clancey and E. H. Shortliffe, eds. (1984). Readings in Medical Artificial Intelligence: First Decade. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. Cohen, T. , First, E. , Keil, O. Wang, B. (2006). Medical equipment management strategies. Biomedical Instrumentation Technology, 40(3), 233-238. Englebardt, S. P. , Nelson, R. (2002). Health care informatics: An interdisciplinary approach. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Gregory, A. (2006, January/March). Issues of Trust and Ethics in Computerized Clinical Decision Support Systems. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 30(1), Pp. 21-29. Kawanoto, K. , Houlihan, C. , Balas, A. , Lobach, D. (2005, April 2). Improving clinical practice by using clinical decision support systems: A systematic review of trials to identify features critical to success. BMJ, 330, P. 765-700. Liew, A. (2007, June). Understanding data, information, knowledge and their relationship. Retrieved November 10, 2008, from Journal of Knowledge Management Practice: http://www. tlainc. com/article 134. htm Nelson, W. , Han, P. , Fagerlin, A. , Stefanek, M. , Ubel, P. (2007, October 1, 2007). Rethinking the Objectives of Decision Aids: A Call for Conceptual Clarity. Medical Decision Making, 27(5), Pp. 609-618. Newbold, S. (2008). A new definition for nursing informatics. Retrieved November 10, 2008, from Advance for Nurses: http://nursing. advanceweb. com/Article/A-New-Definition-for-Nursing-Informatics. spx Steyn, J. (2001). Data, information, knowledge and wisdom. Retrieved November 12, 2008, from Knowsystem: http://knowsystems. com/km/definition. html System. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 11, 2008, from Answers. com: http://www. answers. com/topic/system Theoretical Issues. (1998). Retrieved November 10, 2008, from University of Texas at Tyler: http://www. uttyler. edu/nursing/ckilmon/ni/theory. htm Thi elst, C. (2007). The future of healthcare technology. Journal of Healthcare Management, 52(1), 7-10. Retrieved from ProQuest database on November 11, 2008. How to cite Techonology and Decision Making Paper Hcs 482, Papers

Nurse Advocate free essay sample

According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the term advocacy is derived from the legal definition of advocate, which is defined as â€Å"a person who assists, defends, pleads, or prosecutes for another. † This legal definition is the springboard for the larger definition of nursing advocacy. Nursing advocacy has multiple roles such as communicating with, informing, and educating patients, protecting patients, speaking out for patients and building relationships (Hanks, 2013). It is common knowledge that wealthier patients have more support, both financially and practically. They are in a position to fight for the services they need, and often have the education and language skills to communicate effectively to healthcare providers (Davenport, 2012). The importance of the nurses role as an advocate, especially in regard to patients from the lower socio-economic classes, is crucial. The role of a nurse as an advocate is one that supports and promotes the interests of the patient and this involves many areas not just physical well-being. We will write a custom essay sample on Nurse Advocate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Clark, 2007, the definition of advocacy is to speak for others who cannot speak for themselves or to act on their behalf. As an advocate, the community health nurse engages in a number of activities and functions. These functions include: 1. Determining the need for advocacy 2. Determining the point at which advocacy would be most effective 3. Collecting facts relating to the issue 4. Presenting the client’s case to appropriate decision makers 5. Preparing and enabling clients to speak for themselves (Clark, 2007). The nurse as an advocate is in a position to address many of the patient’s needs and therefore this role is indispensable as it relates to the community health nurse.

Modern Trends in Hf Communication free essay sample

Even today, entire frequency spectrum of VLF, LF, HF, VHF, and UHF, as well as UHF, SHF and soon also EHF SATCOM is used to set up communication with units and forces at sea. Which of these transmission media is selected depends mainly on the availability of the information channel in terms of coverage range, transmission speed and, last but not the least, required data rate. However, the decisive factor is, and will continue to be, the geographical distance to the receiving station. We can distinguish between three such distances as line of sight (LOS), extended line of sight (ELOS), up to approximately 300 NM and beyond line of sight (BLOS) for coverage beyond 300 NM. Two viable options available for communication beyond line of sight and worldwide are following: †¢ High Frequency Communication (2 to 30 MHz) †¢ Satellite Communication HF COMMUNICATION [pic] The key benefit of HF Radio is that it provides communication over very long distances (worldwide with a suitable aerial). It achieves this with sky wave communication, where the HF signal is reflected off the ionosphere (illustrated above) for long distance communication, or using Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (NVIS) for shorter distances. This benefit comes with a number of drawbacks: †¢ Slow speed. Rates vary from 75 to 12,800 bits per second, with 1,200 bits per second typical. This is insufficient to support many desirable applications. †¢ Cannot send and receive at the same time. †¢ The equipment (radios, modems, batteries, and antenna) is large and heavy. A small system with a whip antenna will weigh several kilograms. Transmission can suffer from noise and errors. Transmissions at radio frequencies higher than HF (VHF, UHF, EHF, SHF) overcome all of the drawbacks of HF, and can provide high bandwidth data communications enabling key communication capabilities. The main restriction of all of these frequencies is that they are limited to line of sight. For some technologies, dista nce more than line of sight can be achieved by use of a slightly curved communications path. This gives a little extra distance, but distance is still a key constraint. SATELLITE Satellite communication is becoming the preferred choice for long distance communication, offering relatively high bandwidth. However, there are a number of drawbacks: †¢ Area coverage of a given satellite or satellite system is often constrained, and may not provide what is needed. †¢ Satellites are expensive. †¢ Military satellite terminals are quite a bit larger and heavier than HF radios. Some commercial terminals are smaller †¢ Satellite will not work in all terrain for example it is not suitable in jungle. National control may be an issue for countries that cannot afford their own satellite systems, and need to rely on commercial or foreign systems. †¢ Satellite ground stations are subject to jamming and other threats. †¢ The satellite is vulnerable single point of failure. Chinas January 2007 demonstration of its anti-satellite capabilities is clear evidence of their vulnerability. Satellites are also potentially vulnerable to attack by laser or EMP (electromagnetic pulse). Many countries are not capable of maintenance, fault identification and rectification of satellite space segments Keeping in mind the aforesaid for the military in many nations, if not in all nations, HF is a primary means of communications rather than a backup. In some countries no other communication techniques are contemplated for such services as ship to shore or aircraft to ground over distances beyond line of site. The vulnerability of satellites makes nations consider HF communications as a primary military communication medium even when satellites are part of their military operations. This paper will provide an introduction to HF communications in general and the limitations of traditional HF radio systems. It will then explore the significant improvements in capability and performance that the exploitation of modem technology has made possible. in particular the impact of Adaptive techniques, hardware advancements and signal processing CHAPTER II MILITARY SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS The requirements of a military system range from repetitive broadcasts of simple commands on teletype to secure digital communications. Global operations demand the HF system adapt to propagation conditions in regions varying from equatorial to polar. Each area has its separate propagation problems and there may be a need to tailor systems to propagation requirements of the area. In the architecture of military systems there are operational requirements as follows: †¢ Connectiveness:The requirements may range from point to point or broadcasting †¢ Master station:In almost all cases a master station is contemplated with command headquarters organizing the distribution of the system. In this case multiple networks are needed to allow communications within limited groups. †¢ Relay:Relay may consist of rebroadcasting or rerouting. Path diversity, i. e. moving a signal to a path with minimum propagation outages is an area on which military research and development must concentrate. †¢ Identification:To identify the type, security and range etc of communication The technical requirements from users include many items. While the list may seem to be a wish list, firm needs can be shown in each of the following areas: Voice †¢ Data †¢ Adequate anti-jam margin †¢ Security †¢ Interoperability †¢ Coverage: ground and skywave †¢ Channel optimization †¢ Message error control CHAPTER III HF COMMUNICATION High frequency (HF) radio provides an effective means of communication over long distance oceanic. HF communication is no longer restricted to voice and is undergoing a resurgence of interest due to the need to find a means of long distance data communication that will augment and replace existing VHF and SATCOM data links. HF RANGE AND PROPAGATION In the HF range (2 MHz to 30 MHz) radio waves propagate over long distances due to reflection from the ionized layers in the upper atmosphere. Due to variations in height and intensities of the ionized regions, different frequencies must be used at different times of day and night and for different paths. There is also some seasonal variation (particularly between winter and summer). Propagation may also be disturbed and enhanced during periods of intense solar activity. The upshot of this is that HF propagation has considerable vagaries and is far less predictable than propagation at VHF. SSB MODULATION The spectrum available for HF communication is extremely limited. As a result, steps are taken to restrict the bandwidth of transmitted signals, for both voice and data. Double sideband (DSB) amplitude modulation requires a bandwidth of at least 7 kHz but this can be reduced by transmitting only one of the two sidebands. Note that either the upper sideband (USB) or the lower sideband (LSB) can be used because they both contain the same modulating signal information. In addition, it is possible to reduce (or ‘suppress’) the carrier as this, in itself, does not convey any information. In order to demodulate a signal transmitted without a carrier it is necessary to reinsert the carrier at the receiving end (this is done in the demodulator stage where a beat frequency oscillator or carrier insertion oscillator replaces the missing carrier signal at the final intermediate frequency. The absence of the carrier means that less power is wasted in the transmitter which consequently operates at significantly higher efficiency. Figure 3. 1 shows the frequency spectrum of an RF signal using different types of amplitude modulation, with and without a carrier. In Figure 3. 1(a) the mode of transmission is conventional double sideband (DSB) amplitude modulation with full-carrier. Figure 3. 1(b) shows the effect of suppressing the carrier. This type of modulation is known as double sideband suppressed-carrier (DSB-SC). In practical DSB-SC systems the level of the carrier is typically reduced by 30 dB, or more. The DSB-SC signal has the same overall bandwidth as the DSB full-carrier signal but the reduction in carrier results in improved efficiency as well as reduced susceptibility to heterodyne interference. Figure 3. (c) shows the effect of removing both the carrier and the upper sideband. The resulting signal is referred to as single sideband (SSB), in this case using only the lower sideband (LSB). Note how the overall bandwidth has been reduced to only around 3. 5 kHz, i. e. half that of the comparable DSB AM signal shown in Figure 3. 1(a). IMPACT OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY Due to the accelerated development of systems using satellites, high fr equency (HF) systems were in a recession for almost a decade. Now, we are witnessing a forceful comeback of HF systems in civilian and military sectors. The fundamental problem other than as discussed in chapter I related to the achievement and maintenance of a good quality HF communication circuit is associated with the inherent dynamics of the HF link. Conditions over the link may change rapidly, the communication system must be able to adapt to the prevailing nditions. The dynamic nature of the HF medium necessitates the use of a fast processing capability to optimize the system performance. Digital radio frequency and control system technology together with a cheap and reliable fast processing capability combine to address the HF problem in achievable way. Digital control system provides the nervous system for modern HF system designs. They can orchestrate automatic adaptation, timing, frequency hopping, radiated power level control, information flow control and other control functions required in a modern HF adaptive system. Techniques for real time frequency management are now being implemented in current systems. The impact of Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) will be evident in all types of future communication system. VLSI technology provide the ability to reduce size, weight and power consumption of existing equipment and to increase the overall system reliability. It is enables more complex systems to be provided by introducing techniques and applications which have not previously been possible because of the lack of necessary technology. Highly reliable HF systems are dependent upon efficient signal processing. Sophisticated digital signal processing has made new modulation modes practicable, whilst at the same time reducing the equipment cost. Such techniques operate on the modulating signal or on the RF carrier in a manner which increase the quality of intelligence transferred from the sender to the receiver. VLSI techniques enable sophisticated modulation and coding to be implemented; high levels of data interleaving can be used to overcome the effect of burst errors. Digital modems are adaptable to different modes by software techniques, avoiding hardware retrofits or conversations. The modulation and demodulation process can now be performing digitally. Wideband modulation schemes and frequency hopping techniques are becoming more common; digital control synthesizers are capable of changing frequencies many times a seconds. Voice processing and speech recognition techniques enable limited vocabulary speech to be transmitted over a narrow bandwidth. Applications that rely upon fast processing of voice signals demand the use of filters that can provide high stability and performance. This can be achieved through the use of VLSI technology in the implementation of digital filters. Progress in VLSI techniques is such that integrated receivers front ends, incorporating frequency changers and IF amplifiers, are already feasible. Future development may lead to direct analog to digital conversion of RF signals with high rate conversion. Problems of dynamic range, inter-modulation and conversion speeds remain to be overcome. The use of electronically steered receiving antennas arrays is also made feasible by the use of VLSI techniques which are able to provide the processing power necessary to perform efficient wave front analysis. Evolving equipment designed to meet continuing needs has yielded significant improvement of receivers, trans receivers, and input/output devices. Equipment that relieves onerous tasks such as radio tuning and radio monitoring is now popular. The technical challenge has been to obtain electronic control without losing the performance available from the best manual equipment. While digital technology will assume some of the hardware burden, high power and high frequency analog circuitry will still be required. The key thrusts are in tuning speed, spectral purity and system bandwidth. Fault detection and diagnosis can be improved using processor waste monitoring, control system and built in test (BITE). These enable online systems tests to be automatic and repeated on a frequent basis to indicate potential problems before they become serious. Even greater capabilities will result form a signal processing power of very high speed integrated circuitry (VHSIC) technology. The associated speed and processing power will replace additional circuit boards of analog components in the processing of still more sophisticated waveforms. The trend will continue with digital embedding of present day function such as artificial intelligence based control and cryptographic facilities. The scope for technology improves HF communication systems appeared to be considerable. In the following chapters some of the principal trends of future HF communication systems will be discussed. These advanced techniques, as already evident from the aforesaid brief overview, cover a wide range of technical innovation. CHAPTER IV REAL TIME CHANNEL EVALUATION THE CONCEPTS OF REAL TIME CHANNEL EVALUATION (RTCE) Certainly the cornerstone of advanced HF communications is the concept of evaluation in real time of the interference and propagation problems of the circuit and dealing with them, automatically. The basic systems are of the open and closed loop varieties. The open loop has no feedback path and the closed loop does. For a broadcast an open loop might do; for two way communications it will not. Probably the most advanced form of RTCE is that of an adaptive system whose parameters can change in response to changes in available capacity. Even if constant rate transmission is mandatory the source and channel encoding procedures must be made adaptive to counter changes in the received SNR. Added redundancy for example when there are losses in propagation must form part of the system. From this concept there must be system control strategies. The provision of a high integrity engineering order wire facility is vital. Continuous checking of traffic quality must be made with automatic repeat request techniques. The source encoder must be able to compress or modify the basic source data. ASPECTS OF REAL TIME CHANNEL EVALUATION The general principles of RTCE are in place; what are the possible means of implementing it? , the real time oblique ionospheric sounding could be a portion of the channel evaluation to be performed, similar to that made by an ionospheric oblique sounder. A waveform could be generated for channel evaluation. During the pause of the emissions, measurements of noise and interference could be performed at both the master and the slave station of the link. After processing the small group of available frequencies could be chosen. The initial band of frequencies is to be probed for a particular time and circuit could be performed by simplified algorithms or tables for certain sites and times. Within the possible bands the precise frequencies would be sampled to determine optimum transmission parameters. The properties of the path which are monitored include: †¢ Noise and interference spectral density †¢ (Signal + Noise) level †¢ Multipath spread †¢ Doppler spread The measurement of the properties of a communication channel is particularly important in digital communications because high-speed data transmission critically depends upon them. The measurements in levels of increasing complexity are: †¢ Measurement of multipath spread and Doppler spread; Doppler shift and spectral skewness. †¢ Measurement of second-order channel functions. †¢ Measurement of instantaneous channel functions. For the parameters above, measurement techniques used are based upon differentiation, level crossing and correlation. For the second item, the techniques used are correlation techniques, multitone approach, pulse pair method and chirp technique. For the measurement of the parameters in item 3, the methods used are cross correlation, multitone, and pulsepair. CHAPTER V CODING With the digitization of HF came the need for coding for both error correction and security. With its heavy burden of propagation problems, coding represented for HF a means of facing problems in a particular environment and for distinctive conditions. However coding also provides a means for boosting the data rate in a channel towards the theoretical limit established by Shannon for that channel. Linear block codes (of which cyclic codes are a subclass) and convolutional codes are the main categories of codes of interest to HF communications. They are capable of correcting random errors due to white Gaussian noise as well as burst errors due to impulse noise. In block codes, a block of information bits is followed by a group of check bits. The latter verify the presence of errors in the former. At the receiving terminal the check bits are used to verify the information bits in the block immediately preceding the check bits. There are various classes of block codes including hamming codes which require a minimum number of bits for correction of single errors, cyclic codes which have ease of implementation, ability to correct large numbers of random errors, long bursts of errors and loss of synchronization. In convolutional codes, check bits are continuously interleaved with information bits and they check the presence of errors not only in the block immediately preceding them, but in other blocks as well. It has become feasible to mechanize coders and decoders that are known from theoretical work to be optimum and units have entered the field of HF communications. In practice convolutional codes are used mostly for error correction. Most of the coding applications to HF communications have consisted of error correction through the use of parity checks and of automatic error correction by retransmission. One of the main purposes of error correction is to reduce the effects of long deep fades. Very long recurrent codes or short codes with a considerable number of interleaved blocks can be used. Time delays of 1 to 2 seconds are experienced with decoding. Code rates between 1/2 and 4/5 are used if what is required is only error detection. The use of coding is expanding with the availability of inexpensive off the shelf computers. Its extensive use is vital to combat the problems of propagation and interference, and to allow for secure communications. CHAPTER VI EQUIPMENT ADVANCES Significant improvement has been made through electronic control. In addition to the obvious advantages of digitization, this reduces the use of highly trained operators and allows for automatic equipment testing. RECEIVERS The current dominant performance improvement in receiver design has involved decreasing the unwanted products from the front-end converter. LO synthesizer phase noise is now the dominant deterrent to discriminating against a strong adjacent signal. A strong signal acts as a local oscillator. LO phase-lock-loop synthesizers are an economic compromise between tuning speed and phase noise. The industry now perceives the economic and performance advantages to digital implementation of selective filters, demodulators, and automatic gain control with many parameters such as amplitude and phase characteristics as stable as the logic clock drive. There are now available for example commercial digital signal processing chips and boards. Receivers are more frequency agile than transmitters; surveillance receivers at control centers can automatically monitor channel occupancy and potential interference. Operational convenience of the new receivers includes function control by microprocessors at remote locations and built in test equipment. TRANSCEIVERS AND ANTENNA COUPLERS New transceivers are following the lead of digitally controlled receivers; they are designed at the present primarily for the SSB modulation voice bandwidth channel. Remote controlled receivers can solve the problem of limited cockpit space, manpack use without removing the pack, and remote placing of equipment in tactical ground vehicles. AUDIO AND DATA CHANNEL PERIPHERALS While the audio modem is a de facto standard, two notable input/output devices are now being developed. They are the small data terminal and the secure voice terminal. There is no concensus on modem design. There are unique HF low data rate modems but without interoperability. There are indications of strong competition for 2400-bps modems offering enhanced performance. Serial modems are vying with parallel modems; national extensive tests are needed to adopt a standard unit. In the field, handheld terminals substitute for teletype equipment and computer terminals. They allow off-line composition and editing before transmission at teletype or burst rates. Internal simple FSK models are typical. Demodulation, storage and display complete their capabilities. Most use typewriter keyboards. HF modems for high speed data such as 2400bps digitized voice have evolved toward multipletone signaling carrying differential phase shift keying. Parallel tones having durations much longer than the expected multipath delays are favored, even though parallel channels have been an expensive implementation. Digital data processing has now minimized the parallel channel cost penalty. MODEMS Both theoretical and experimental aspects of modems were considered by Monsen. He found that combined modulation and coding techniques can remove much of the fading effect even in high data applications where intersymbol interference is a serious problem. Experimental results for various models were compared. Successful communication was achieved using equalizer modems in a high data rate application. Monsen emphasized the importance of delay in producing high quality communications-if delay can be tolerated the capabilities of HF can be enormously increased. CHAPTER VII PROPAGATION In HF communications, the ionosphere must be listed as a black box along with transmitter, encoder, antenna, and receiver. The abandonment of HF as a vital portion of modern communication resources is due in part to the difficulties of dealing with the ionosphere. HFs most vital problem as a modern communication system will remain propagation. THE PROBLEMS †¢ Multipath propagation with different time delays, amplitudes and polarizations will distort the signal, producing fading which might not be correlated even within a 3kHz bandwidth. Digital transmission is particularly affected by fading even for time delay differences as short as 50 us (path length difference of 15 km). †¢ Ionospheric tilts. Horizontal gradients both large and small scale make it difficult to model a propagation path because the ionosphere changes with time and with both latitude and longitude. †¢ The effects of irregularities. Irregularities acting as scatters produce rapid and slow fading. Sporadic E or highly ionized regions at about 100 km with relatively small extent produce unusual propagation. For HF the fluctuations are primarily from small scale irregularities in the F layer. F layer irregularities produce rapid fading of HF signals both in the equatorial, auroral and polar areas. Mid-latitude irregularities can on occasion produce serious fading on HF signals. These, however, are problems which can be dealt with by means of coding and error correcting codes. THE LASTING PROBLEMS The problems which any HF system must deal with are problems resulting from geophysical disturbances. Solar flares with particular characteristics and magnetic sector changes on the sun produce ionospheric disturbances. †¢ A direct solar flare effect is the sudden ionospheric disturbance-blackout of HF due to increased absorption at -60 km. These are short lived (up to an hour) but frequently the suddenness causes the operator to look for trouble in his equipment. †¢ A magnetic storm decreases the frequencies capable of being reflected at auroral latitudes, produces absorption, and creates irregularities at F layer heights which cause fading. Absorption is the problem most difficult to deal with in modern systems. †¢ The worst problem for reliability is that of polar cap absorption (PCA) where very high energy protons produce very high level absorption events predominantly over the polar cap. Overhead (without the problem of slant range increases) absorption has been recorded up to 10-20 dB at 30 MHz. In this case the increase of power to overcome the absorption would be enormous. PCAs are rare but their effects can last for several days. This essentially reduces the reliability of HF with the only solution path diversity with the reflecting points chosen outside the polar cap. DEALING WITH PROPAGATION †¢ Path diversity, rerouting of communications to seek the least troubled path has been tried. Multiple frequencies and multiple paths has lead to improvements from 37% reliability (four frequencies-short path) to 62% reliability in a disturbed ionosphere at high latitudes (no error correction or coding). †¢ Dynamic models of solar-terrestrial relationships. In at least two groups real time data from solar, interplanetary, and terrestrial measurements are fed into an elaborate program to forecast effects at high latitudes. These are at beginning stages but they promise much more than the simplistic means of forecasting magnetic storms now in use. HAARP The High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program is an ionospheric research program jointly funded by the US Air Force, the US Navy, the University of Alaska and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Its purpose is to analyze the ionosphere and investigate the potential for developing ionospheric enhancement technology for radio communications and surveillance purposes (such as missile detection). The mos t prominent instrument at the HAARP Station is the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI), a high power radio frequency transmitter facility operating in the high frequency band. The HAARP project aims to direct a 3. 6 MW signal, in the 2. 8–10 MHz region of the HF [High Frequency] band, into the ionosphere. The signal may be pulsed or continuous. Then, effects of the transmission and any recovery period can be examined using associated instrumentation, including VHF and UHF radars, HF receivers, and optical cameras. According to the HAARP team, this will advance the study of basic natural processes that occur in the ionosphere under the natural but much stronger influence of solar interaction, as well as how the natural ionosphere affects radio signals. This will enable scientists to develop techniques to mitigate these effects in order to improve the reliability and/or performance of communication and navigation systems, which would have a wide range of applications in both the civilian and military sectors, such as an increased worldwide HF communications, accuracy of GPS navigation, and advancements in underwater and underground research and applications. This may lead to improved methods for submarine communication and the ability to remotely sense the mineral content of the terrestrial subsurface, among other things. HAARP is the subject of numerous conspiracy theories, with individuals ascribing various hidden motives and capabilities to the project. Journalist Skeptic computer scientist David Naiditch called HAARP a magnet for conspiracy theorists, saying the project has been blamed for triggering catastrophes such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, thunderstorms, and devastating earthquakes in Pakistan and the Philippines aimed to shake up terrorists. HAARP has been blamed for diverse events including major power outages, the downing of TWA Flight 800, Gulf War syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome. Conspiracy theorists have also suggested links between HAARP and the work of Nikola Tesla (particularly potential combinations of HAARP energy with Teslas work on pneumatic small-scale earthquake generation) and physicist Bernard Eastlund. According to Naiditch, HAARP is an attractive target for conspiracy theorists because its purpose seems deeply mysterious to the scientifically uninformed. Conspiracy theorists have linked HAARP to numerous earthquakes. An opinion piece on a Venezuelan state-run television channels website named HAARP as a cause of the 2010 Haiti earthquake CHAPTER VIII NEW SYSTEMS Several systems which use some of the advanced techniques are operational. Among these are the following: RACE (Radio Telephone with Automatic Channel Evaluation). It was developed to improve the quality of telephone services provided by HF radio to remote areas. Naval HF systems aim towards frequency agility on shipboard platforms where collocation interference is a dominant concern. The UK ICS-3 stresses the radical lowering of all self generated components of the noise floor. Primarily ICS-3 enhances groundwave and skywave transmissions through rapid propagation selection and data handling. SELCAL, scanning and channel evaluation, are now part of operating systems with link quality, selective paths and frequencies, and general channel evaluation available. SELCAL HF networks using scanning are being automated. SNOTEL meteor burst system is run by the U. S. Department of Agriculture to relay snow cover data from over 500 remote sites in the West. There are now vendors and equipment specifically for single-frequency meteor burst networks. The impact of SNOTEL is the economy of a simple data terminal that uses many propagation modes in the relatively unused HF/VHF spectrum. A digital sounder has been applied to network frequency management. The unit, developed at the University of Lowell, allows for frequency agility, numerical processing, system clocks, etc. Equipment development is moving along at a rapid pace using off-the-shelf items such as keyboards, modems, and other digital equipment to meet demands of the new modern HFcommunications. HIGH FREQUENCY INTERNET PROTOCOL (HFIP) It is usually associated with Automatic Link Establishment and HF radio data communications. HFIP provides protocol layers enabling internet file transfer, chat, web, or email. HFIP commonly uses ionosphere propagation of radio waves to form a wide area network that can span thousands of kilometers. HF transceivers in HFIP service typically run 20 to 150 Watts for portable or mobile units, up to approximately 2000 Watts transmitter output for high power base stations with HFIP servers. STANAG 5066 is a common HFIP standard. STANAG 5066. STANAG 5066 Profile for High Frequency (HF) Radio Data Communication is a NATO specification to enable applications to communicate efficiently over HF Radio. STANAG 5066 provides peer protocols that operate above an HF Modem and below the application level. STANAG 5066 includes the (mandatory) SIS (Subnet Interface Service) protocol that enables an application to connect to an HF Modem through a STANAG 5066 server over TCP/IP. This enables a clean separation between application and modem. [pic] The diagram above shows a configuration of three sites communicating by HF Radio, using STANAG 5066 to provide end to end communication between a set of applications. The site shown in detail illustrates how STANAG 5066 fits with applications and hardware. It comprises: †¢ An HF Radio, which is an analogue device. An HF Modem, which converts from analogue to digital. †¢ Encryption (optional). Data Encryption will generally be used with HF Radio, and this will be achieved by an encryption unit (COMSEC) that sits between the HF Modem and STANAG 5066 Server. †¢ A STANAG 5066 server. There will be one STANAG 5066 server associated with the modem. The STANAG 5066 Servers communicate with each other over the HF Modem, using protocols spe cified by STANAG 5066. †¢ One or more data applications communicating with the STANAG 5066 server using the SIS protocol. CHAPTER IX HF RADIO NETWORK CENTRIC WARFARE NETWORK CENTRIC WARFARE Network Centric Warfare, also commonly referred as Network Enhanced Capability, is widely documented and described. Key features include: †¢ Everything is connected, to enable all players to communicate and share information. †¢ A wide mix of technologies and components are involved. †¢ High speed datalinks are utilized where possible. †¢ Many applications are used, from core traditional components such as formal messaging and situational awareness, to new applications such as Video Teleconferencing, Voice over IP, Instant Messaging and Presence. IP (Internet Protocol) is used everywhere. IP as the single network technology is a central technical approach. THE ROLE OF HF RADIO IN NCW In terms of planning an overall architecture the technology constraints lead to several possible views as to how HF Radio fits into the overall communications picture: †¢ A legacy component that will be replaced by newer technologies. †¢ A component f or use in special and selected situations. †¢ A component that will be widely used. †¢ A strategic backup communication mechanism, in the event of satellite failure or destruction. If options 2, 3 and/or 4 are chosen, it is critical that HF Radio is well integrated into the Network Centric Warfare architecture, and that effective application functionality is provided to support a full set of mission critical applications operating over HF Radio. KEY APPLICATIONS OVER HF RADIO A goal of Network Centric Warfare is to maximize information sharing. While not all applications are suitable for HF Radio, a number of applications are. This section sets out a list of applications that may be mission critical, are suitable for HF Radio, and could reasonably co-exist and share an HF link: †¢ Voice. Situational awareness. Situational awareness is a key application for tactical military deployments. †¢ Formal Messaging. Military formal messaging. †¢ Internet Mail. Internet mail over HF is defined as a part of STANAG 5066, using the HMTP (HF Message Transfer Protocol). †¢ Instant Messaging and Presence. XMPP. Presence status reporting and Instant Messagin g can be useful applications for tactical deployments. †¢ Directory. Replication of directory data over HF is important to support messaging applications (address book and security) and configuration for other applications. Web. Limited Web browsing may be useful in some situations in support of mission critical operation. This is quite viable over faster HF links. This is not intended as an exhaustive list, but to give a sense of what could be sensibly achieved over an HF link. HIGH FREQUENCY GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM (HFGCS) The USAF High Frequency Global Communications System is a worldwide network of 15 high-power HF stations providing command and control communications between ground agencies and US military aircraft and ships. Allied military and other aircraft are also provided support. IAW agreements and international protocols as appropriate. The HFGCS is not dedicated to any service or command, but supports all DoD authorized users on a traffic precedence/priority basis. General services provided by the HFGCS are: †¢ General Phone Patch and Message Relay Services †¢ Automatic Link Establishment (ALE) †¢ HF Data Support †¢ Command and Control Mission Following †¢ Emergency Assistance †¢ Broadcasts †¢ HF Direction Finding Assistance †¢ ATC Support †¢ E-Mail connectivity CHAPTER X CONCLUSION In systems development, Real Time Channel Evaluation is made feasible by both equipment and conceptual advances. The conceptual advances include coding and error correction techniques for security and in order to minimize propagation and interference problems. The availability of digital equipment allows RTCE to select a frequency for a particular path, propagation mode, and modulation selection. Propagation advances include better statistical models as well as advances in short term forecasting methods responsive to changes in solar-geophysical parameters. Forerunners of adaptive HF systems are operational in meteor scatter systems used for data collection as well as other operations. The advances both in equipment and in conceptual system development have been many. HF will continue to be a used portion of the spectrum. Various diversity systems ranging from time to space diversity should be made available to the system operator. Geographical diversity is one of the least used but most important methods of handling problems. New approaches include frequency band extension to higher frequencies in order to use meteor burst transmissions above 30 MHz. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Introduction to HF Radio Propagation by Australian Government, IPS Radio and Space service. 2. HF Communications, A System Approach by Nicholas Maslin 1. High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program Wikipedia 2. High Frequency Global Communications System – Wikipedia 3. High Frequency Internet Protocol – Wikipedia 4. HF Radio Network Centric Warfare, research paper published in 09 April 2008, www. isode. com. 5. STANAG 5066: The Standard for Data Applications over HF Radio, www. isode. com. 6. Introduction to HF Radio Propagation by Australian Government, IPS Radio and Space service. 7. Current Trends in Tactical Naval Communications by Stephen Metzger director of sales naval communications at Rhodes and Schwarz. . General Concepts of Modern HF Communications by Jules Aarons Boston University. 9. Modern HF Mission Planning Combining Propagation Modeling AND Real-Time Environment Monitoring by D. Brant, G. K. Lott, S. E. Paluszek, BE. Skimmons Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, USA Naval Postgraduate School. 10. Modern Aircraft H F Communications into the 21 Century by N C Davies, M J Maundrell, P C Arthur, P S Cannon, R C Bagwell, J Cox, UK Defence Evaluation and Research Agency. 11.