Relevance Of The Maxim Certainty Philosophy Essay

Relevance Of The Maxim Certainty Philosophy Es learnThe byword Certainty is non overruled by dubiousness is one and whole(a) of the world(a) bywords in Islamic rightfulness. It applies to three-quarter of fiqh. Some positions maintain that the adage does non have pregnant effect on commercial transactions. The work started by discussing the effectual cornerstone of the saw. It also discussed the detailed meaning of truety and interrogation in Islamic law and jurisprudence and the rulers with which they atomic number 18 applied to the particular(prenominal)s of law. Relevant particulars of commercial numerates link up to to it were cited as mannikins after analysis of the general meaning of each maxim. These examples get wind the signifi tail assemblyce of the maxim in providing grassroots principles for dispute resolution as well as the responsibility of proving entirelyegations between parties to commercial transactions. It also put out in detail the fel lowship upon whom the onus of proof lies in litigations to counter what is presumed by law.Keywords Certainty (yaqn), Conjecture (Zann), suspect (shakk), Illusion (Waham), technical Transactions, Dispute resolutions, presumption of law, onus of proof.* Higher sharia law Court Judge, Kala Balge Sharia Court and overseeing Rann Sharia Court, Borno State Judicial Service Commission, Borno State, Nigeria. E-mail emailprotected* ripened Lecturer, Faculty of police, Department of Sharia, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. E.-mail emailprotected** Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Department of Sharia, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. E.-mail 1. INTRODUCTIONLegal maxims (Al-Qawid Al-Fiqhiyyah) ar imperative in Islamic jurisprudence as they encapsulate perceptions and precepts that good deal abet to figure out the concomitantual essence of the Islamic Law in details. Reflective of a consolidated reading of fiqh by dandy jurists, it is a handy tool for researchers who need to expand their gr asp and accord of content and objective of the law. More importantly, they ease to arrive at the charm ruling where is no direct text is returnable a particular point.The word al-Qawaid is a plural qidah, a derivative of qaada and literally has the meanings of fixation, consistency, and beingness well gifted. Qaida on the an new(prenominal)(prenominal) hand mean al-Qaida, and Qawaid means a foundation of a building, as Al lanthanum, the Most High check outsAnd remember Ibrahim and Ismail brocaded the foundations (Qawid) of the House1Technically, it is a general rule relevant to all its colligate to particulars. Sadrush Sharah (d. 747) delimit Qawid as general propositions2. Examples be Qaida Nahwiyyah (Rule of Grammar), Qidah Mantiqiyya (Rule of Logic), Qaida Usliyya (Rule of Jurisprudence), etc.Fiqhiyya (lit. of law) is the adjectival of Qida (maxim) a derivative of fiqh (law) which literally means under groundworking. Fiqh is a term that came to advert Muslim jur ists detailed study of realistic chance of the Devine ordainments. Imam Shafii (d. ) defined it as the cognition of the practical enjoinments of Sharia acquired from its detailed inductions3.The two words, i.e. Al-Qawid al-Fiqhiyya, referred herein as Legal Maxims has several definitions which basically revolves around two positions. The a good deal quoted definition of licit maxims is that it is a general rule which applies to all of its related particulars4. As this is an extension of the technical meaning of term Qida in otherwise discipline to the Qida in law (fiqh), this definition has failed to encapsulate the concept of level-headed maxims and thus not reflective of its essence. Al-Hamawi (d. 1098H=1687AD) has carryd that Qida of legists (fuqah) is different from Qida in other disciplines much(prenominal) as Grammar (Nahwu), Logic (Mantiq) and even Jurisprudence (Uslul Fiqh). In these disciplines, it is a rule applicable to all its related particulars.5From the fore going we slew say that a legal maxim is a general proposition of law that applies to most of its related particulars6.The causality for opting to this definition is that maxims do not throw to all particulars that seem related to it. The particulars that do not apply to a general principle ar known as exceptions (mustathnayt). These exceptions often institute independent or auxiliary maxims in themselves. The exceptions do not til now negate the general application of maxims, as the principles of the maxim still check application to majority and exceptions are simply of minority in all maxims7.Another characteristic of a legal maxim worth noting is that a maxim applies to most of its related particulars, which are scattered in heterogeneous themes or chapters of fiqh. precisely a principle that only applies on one particular theme or chapter of fiqh is referred to as a Regulator (Dbit). In other words, a Regulator (Dbit) is limited to one chapter and provides a legal princ iple on orders of a particular chapter of Fiqh. According to Al-Suyti (d. 911H) says a maxim collects branches from different chapters speckle Dbit collects branches of the selfsame(prenominal) chapter8. An example of Dbit is injunction of sale of a nonexistent is same as that of risky- taking (gharar) sales (hukmu baiil madmi yatbaul gharar)9. This Dbit is applicable to the chapter of buying and selling.Importance of Legal Maxims (Al-Qawid Al-Fiqhiyyah)The great Maliki Jurist of Egypt, Imam Shihbuddn Al-Qarfi (d. 676H) described it as embodying secrets and wisdoms of Sharia10. Legal maxim brings together widely scattered branches of fiqh into a single abstract rule make it well-heeled for jurists, researchers and students of the Islamic law. It also saves cartridge holder in researching injunctions for several matters that are other scattered in different chapters of books of fiqh. That is why, fit Al-Suyti, approximately jurists refer to fiqh as association of similitud es. Legal maxims therefore make it easy to diagnose juristic injunctions, comprehend and memorise auxiliaries and particulars of the law11.The four schools of Islamic Jurisprudence are in agreement over the five of the Universal Maxims that they clasp in spite of appearance themselves the entire quintessence of the Islamic Shariah. They are depicted to be linguistic universal maxims for being all-inclusive and applicable to the entire range of fiqh without any spec12 whereas the rest of the maxims are just elucidations of these fiveMatters are (judged) by their intents (Al-Umru bi-maqsidih)13Hardship begets facility (Al-Mashaqqatu tajlibu Al-Taisr)14No harming and no counter-harming (L darara wa l dirara)15 springer is Authoritative (Al-datu Muhakkamah)16.Certainty is not be overruled by doubt (Al-Yaqnu la yazlu bish-shakki).Beside its general application to three-quarter of Fiqh chapters, Certainty is not overruled by doubtfulness provides basic guidelines for disputes resolut ion in keep downs including commercial and financial transactions. The paper allow discuss in detail the general meaning of the universal maxim Certainty is not overruled by Doubts, its importance and relevance to commercial transactions.This universal maxim is one of the earliest maxims to appear in the discipline of maxims origin (Al-Taqd Al-Fiqhi)17. The earliest reference to it was made by Imam Shafi (d. 204H819C.E.) while discussing admission/ confession. He utter the basis of what I say is that I volition always hold people by what is certain, drop the indeterminate and use that which is most verisimilar18. Al-Karkhi (d. 340H) too in his Usl has enjoind that the basis (in law) is that what was support with deduction undersurfacenot be overruled by doubt and say it is one of the principles the Hanafi School was fore on19. Over time, it was minify into its current dramatis psycheae Certainty is not overruled by doubt (Al-Yaqnu l yazlu bish-Shakk)20.2. CERTAINTY I S NOT OVERRULED BY DOUBT21(Al-Yaqnu l yazlu bish-Shakk)Generally, any matter confirmed to have existed with consequence remains certain until proven with evidence to be otherwise. It is not invalidated by mere(prenominal) doubt or supposition. The same is also said regarding a matter whose non-existence is confirmed continues in that severalize until also proven otherwise. This is because doubt is weaker than certainty. It ordain not, therefore, nullify certainty whether or not the later is positive or negative22. In other words, whenever the existence or non-existence of a matter is established through legally accepted means, a ensuant doubt over the continuance of this introduce testament not affect the legal regard given to the confirmed certainty.Legally, certainty (yaqn) is defined as the knowledge that a detail has either definitely occurred or not. Doubt (shakk), which is the opposite of certainty (yaqn)23, is a vacillation over the occurrence and non-occurrence of a fact. inwardness none between the two possibilities is of higher probability. hardly if either has great probability, the doubt seizes and it is thus certain (yaqn) in the usage of legists (fuqah). This form of yaqn is often inter transplantably used with the term ann. The term ann which literally means assumption is less than certainty in the language of Jurists and Logicians. To them, Certainty (Yaqn) is article of belief that a particular matter is strikebreaker and cannot be unless so-and-so in manner consistent with its reality and essence. In other words, it is the blameless knowledge free from error. Because injunctions of Sharia are applied on what intelligible or conspicuous (zhir) and not absolute certainty, the jurists definition is not as encompassing as that of legists (Fuqah) which includes the most probable event24. This is because there are issues which the Sharia may have considered them as certain though they can logically be incorrect. Example is an ac cepted testimony by witnesses ahead a Court is a legal certainty for its truthfulness, but is come-at-able that they are telling lies. Al-Qarfi says that exigency is the reason why conjecture (ann) is regarded as certain in Sharia for absolute certainty may not be achieved. Possibility of erring in such ann is however lesser. But the doubtful cannot be a basis for a judgement25. This is the reason why scholars of Malikiyya school of thought did not refer to this maxim in the above word, that is Certainty is not overruled by doubt, rather their preferred phrase is The average of Sharia is that Injunctions are but ground on knowledge and that which is in doubt is not considered26.2.1 BASIS OF THE MAXIMIn the Quran, the byword of Allah, the Most HighBut most of them follow nothing but Conjecture (Zann) truly Conjecture can be of no avail against truth. Verily Allah is well aware of all that they do27.One of the meanings of Zann (lit. conjecture) is illusion, i.e. where the fact t hought to apply to a particular matter does not in reality apply to it. In such a situation, such conjecture will not overrule what was known for certain28.Also from Sunnah, the hadith narrated by Abbd bin Tamm from his uncle from the Messenger of Allah, ataraxis be upon him, in which a man complained to the Prophet, peace be upon him of signature something (departing) his body. The Prophet, peace be upon him, told him not leave (his prayers) until he hears a kick the bucket or smells (the gun)29. The hadith means that one should not ignore the certain, which is the state purity before prayer, in favour of that which is uncertain, i.e. the feeling that something has departed his body. Therefore, such doubt will not overrule the pilot certainty.In some other version of the Hadith related by Abu Huraira, the Prophet, peace be upon him, said and if one of you feels something in his belly, and doubts whether something has left his body or not, he should not leave the mosque until he hears a sound or feels a gas30.2.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MAXIMOn the significance of the above Hadith, Al-Nawawi (d. 676H) asserts that this Hadith is a basic source and a great principle31among the principles of fiqh. The principle is that things are judged to remain on their original forms until the certainty of the contrary is established, a subsequent doubt will thus not harm it32.Jurists have unanimously agreed on the usage of this maxim. Imam Al-Qarafi states that this is an agreed upon maxim, the only un same(p)ness among scholars is in some of its applications33. Ibn Daqq al-Eid (d. 702H) also said The Hadith is a basic principle in the usage and/or tossing of doubts and scholars appear to be in agreement on this maxim, even though they differ in some of its applications34.2.3 RELEVANCE TO COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONBy Commercial Transactions we are referring all Contracts in Sharia relating to the exchange of goods and services. Examples include transactions like bay (sales s hrivel), ijrah (lease), muzraah (farm leasing) partnership (muqradah), waklah (agency) juala (promise of reward for a particular action), kaflah (surety), hawla (transfer of debt), rahn (mortgaging), etc. In fact, all contracts with the exception of sum contract which is not under the scope of this paper.As we have indicated above, certainty in law refers to the most probable assumption. Example of such probable assumption is seeing a man with reasonable wealth possessing a reasonably priced car for several years one can confidently testify that it belongs to him35. It is upon this kind of certainty that many legal injunctions apply36. opposite examples of its relevance to commercial transactions includeWhere there is a contract between two parties and a doubt is raised on whether or not there was dissolution of the contract. The contract is presumed to be subsisting as this is the certainty37.Also where it is confirmed that A owes B certain amount of money. But after As death, a d oubt is raised on whether or not he has paid, lack of payment will be presumed as it is the certainty38which cannot be overruled by doubt.Certainty is not overruled by Doubt is supplemented with many Auxiliary Maxims (qawid fariyyah) and Regulators (Dawbit) which together elaborate its legal implication and significance. These will be classified under three categories, namely Auxiliary Maxims braggy freight to certainty, Auxiliary Maxims emphasising on overlooking of doubt and Maxims indirectly related to the Certainty is not overruled by Doubt. Related maxims to each category will be discussed in the following orderAuxiliary Maxims giving weight to certaintyThe average is that the spatial relation quo remains as it was before (Al-Alu Baqu m kna ala m kna) allow the Ancient rest on its age (Al-Qadmu yutraku al qidamih)The norm (in Sharia) is immunity from liability (Al-Alu barat Al-Dhimmah)The norm (of Shariah) is that acquired places do not exist (Al-Alu fis-Siftil Aridah Al- Adam)The norm in Law is that things are perfect or fit (Al-Alu As-Salama)The Norm (of Sharia) regarding things is permissibility (Al-Alu fil Ashyi al-Ibhah)The Basis in Law Regarding Contracts is that they permissible and binding (on its parties) (Al-Alu fil Uqdi As-Sihhah wal-Luzm)The Norm of law regarding terms and retards is validity (Al-Alu fish-Shurti as-Sihhah)The basic principle is to ascribe the event to the nearest time of occurrence (Al-Alu Idfatul Hadithi il aqrabi auqtih)Auxiliary Maxims emphasising on overlooking of doubtNo attention shall be paid to inferences (implication) in the face of an explicit affirmation (L ibrata lid-Dallati f Muqbalatit Tasrh)No weight is attached to Illusion (L ibrata littawahhumi)No argument is admitted against supposition based upon evidence (laa hujata maal ihtimaalin naashii an daleel)The apparently erroneous supposition is not to be taken into consideration (laa Ibrata biz Zannil bayyni khatauhu)Maxims indirectly related to the Cert ainty is not overruled by DoubtNo averment is imputed by to a psyche who keeps silence, but silence is tantamount to a statement where there is a necessity for speech (L yunsabu il skitin qaulun, wa lkinnas suktu f maradil hjati ill bayni baynu)The original state of words is the literal sense (Al-Alu fil Kalmi Al-Haqqah)No way of life for ijtihd where there is a decisive text (L masgha lilijitihdi f mauridin nass)3. concomitant MAXIMS GIVING WEIGHT TO CERTAINTY3.1 The norm is that the status quo remains as it was before39(Al-Alu Baqu m kna ala m kna)It is a basic provision in Sharia is that the status quo remains as it was before unless it is proven to have changed. To explain further, we can say that a fact whose existence or non-existence is said to be certain in the ago is regarded to be as it was and does not change, until evidence is available to change such status. Such proof is mostly based on evidence, confession, admission, and refusal to take cursing40.This principle of law is referred to as Istishb in Islamic jurisprudence41. Considered to be one of the secondary sources of law, Istishb has been defined as the presumption of continuity of a matter base on its previously established state. The previously confirmed state may either be legal or rational. This maxim represents a form of Istishb which is sequent what the law has confirmed to have existed in the past into the present such as a person who bought a musical composition of land will be presumed to still owe it until anything that may change that presumption is proved42. This type of Istishb applies in cases such as presumption of continuation self-control after execution of a contract the liability of a person who damages anothers property remains until quittance and the existence of a liability on an indebted person where the taking up of the loan is attested to43.An example of the application of the maxim in commercial transaction is where a lender necessitates paying his debtor or a buyer claims paying the price to the seller or a lessee claims paying the lessor but the debtor, the seller and the lessor denied any payment. The statements of the party denying will be accepted. As the norm is the continuance of what has existed, these claims will not be accepted until legally proved44.Another application is when a buyer claims that the condition of a commodity he previously saw has diminished during bringing according to Ibn Qsim (d. 918H), the statement of the seller will command credibility base on this maxim. Ash-hab (d. 204H) on the other hand also states that the claim of the buyer will have legal backing because the legal norm is that the buyer is free from liability (Al-Alu barat al-Dhimmah)45. Hanafis have distinguished between the two by asserting that if much time has lapse from the time of inspection of the commodity and the time of delivery, the statement of the buyer will be backed by the law46until the contrary is proved by the seller.3.2 Le t the Ancient rest on its age47(Al-Qadmu yutraku al qidamih)Provided it does not violate the right of another, a thing that has existed since time immemorial will enjoy legal protection. The law presumes that something that has remained for a very long time has a legal precedence48. This is also regarded as Istishab as it is an accompanying of the past condition, whether it is a proof of ownership through evidence or the admission of a respondent. Such istishab can be relied upon provided it has not been legitimately changed which should be through evidence, admission or refusal to take curse49. This maxim is also closely related the norm is that the status quo remains as it was before50.Example of its application is that whenever ownership of a property is confirmed by either admission of respondent or conclusive evidence, it shall be presumed to continue in Sharia law51. Also where two persons claim the ownership of a property, and both provided evidence of their ownership with date. The presumption of the ownership will be in favour of the person who provides earliest date, because he claims to own the property during a time when the plaintiff does not take exception his ownership. This will remain until the plaintiff can prove the contrary52.3.3 The norm (in Sharia) is freedom from liability(Al-Alu barat Al-Dhimmah)A person is born free from anything and being liable of anything is contrary to the original norm (asl) of law53. Literally, the word asl means root or source, and in the circumstance of this maxim it means the most probable (al-rjih54) evidence upon which the law relies and bases its rulings. This maxim applies to both fact and law.Regarding its application to fact, the general rule is that a person is certainly free from any obligation or liability and making him liable for something is both doubtful and a contradiction of the original state of man being born free from any liability. Claims of liabilities such as debt, obligation that was the result of later cause will only be accepted if proved through means provided by the law. In the absence of any such proof, the Sharia regards a person to have no liability, thus making onus of proof upon the person who alleges a fact or claims it.The maxim is inspired by the Prophets Hadith, peace be upon him, in which he said the onus of proof is on the claimant, and taking of an oath is incumbent upon him who denies.55The hadith provides that the party insisting to disprove the status quo and wants to establish a recently acquired attribute is the claimant and the onus of proof is upon him while the party that clings on the original (asl) attribute is the defendant/respondent and upon him is the oath because he is denying the allegation.56This maxim is an equivalent to what is generally known as the presumption of innocence, though this principle is more general. The expression presumption of innocence implies that it relates principally to cruel procedure, whereas the non-l iability maxim extends to civil litigation and to religious matters generally. The normative state, or the state of certainty for that matter, is that people are not liable, unless it is proven that they are, and until this proof is forthcoming, to attribute guilt to anyone is treated as doubtful. Certainty can, in other words, only be overruled by certainty, not by doubt57.The maxim provides practical solutions in cases of disputes or noises between parties to commercial transactions. Where, or instance, there is a disagreement between the owner and a borrower, a victim and an assailant, the statement of the accused will be accepted because the legal norm is that he is free from an excess liability58.Another example is where there is disagreement on the amount of loan between the lender and the indebted the statement of the indebted will be presumed59. Also, the statement of an agent regarding damage to a property will be accepted, likewise regarding denial of infringement and neg ligence, with oath60.In law however, this maxim is often referred to as The norm (of law) is non-existent (Al-Alu Al-Adamu). To majority of jurists, both these principles refer to the same thing, as lack of an injunction means one is not obliged to carry it out. In other words is not liable for not doing it. A second aspect of this principle also closely related to the notion of original non-existent, is original permissibility (al-ibha al-asliyyah). In this concept, everything is legal ab initio, and one will not be sanctioned for either doing or omission. Jurists refer to it as permission of the reason (Al-Ibh al-Aqliyyah).This implies that it is a presumption of continuation of the original non-existent of injunction base on reason (aql) rather than the words of the Law-giver. This position can as well be deduced from many verses of holy Quran according to many scholars61. An example of such verses is the saying of Allah, the Most HighThose who belt down usury will not stand ex cept as stand one whom the Evil one by his touch Hath driven to madness. That is because they say Trade is like usury, but Allah hath permitted trade and forbidden usury. Those who after receiving means from their Lord, desist, shall be pardoned for the past62.When taking usury was prohibited, the companions of the Prophet feared the consequence of t

Impact of Economy on Low Income Communities

Impact of Economy on Low Income Communities1. IntroductionThis date is ab discover increasing unlikeness and its doctor on scummy-toned income communities. Measurement of the distribution of income that mingled with individuals or households, making most of the income in a habituated country and those making very little. I will give out the real example and real cases refer to the Malaysia. Answer the entire assignment question. promontory 11.1 OpinionAccording to the scenario income contrast increasing in US delinquent to the various chromosomal mutations particularly the high up impact of engineering involvement in different sectors. The sudden expert development brings the outsize banquet between high income communities and low income communities. According to the census reports income unlikeness is decreased during 1947 to 1968 by7 .5%. Whereas during 1969 to 1009 the trend is different so this is the greathearted trend callable to the technology growth in vari ous sectors (Bligh, Philip, 2004)On this aspect presidential terms argon looking high knowledge and high skill people and providing high income so the educated with high skill ar achieving high income. So that the organization growth too increasing. To avoid the above situations the organization regimen as swell up as organizations introduce schemes, policies to reduce the gap between high income community and low income community (Gentle, Michael, 2011)So the disposal mustiness bid proper educational run, trainings to motivate the low income communities to reach reform position. The other opinion the disposal also implements schemes to provide household items to encounter the low income communities so that it will reduce the differences from high income communities (Wilkinson, Harry, 2010)1.2 Real Causes outwear market situation is one of the cause because products producing with high technology so that organizations provided high wages opportunities. This technol ogical swap trend is due to planetary competition affect so there is a magnanimous variation in wage constitutions in Malaysia (Peel, Jeffrey, 2008)The second cause is due to the societal recognises impacted towards income divergence influenced low income communities. The Malaysia complaisant ripostes also influence organization developments and growth so that the organization government emphasize on technological change to produce products according to the international standards. The income inconsistency along with social causes translates life styles of individuals in low income communities at Malaysia is a big impact because the low income communities not affordable the household things as per living system (Stephen, Robbins Neil Barnwell, 2006)The third cause is due to the race issue, wealth, identity and location influencing the income disagreement impacts on low income communities Malaysia. The race discrimination impact is more so that there is a big gap betwee n high income communities and low income communities at Malaysia. The income discrepancy with its economic variations due to sexual practice is the major woo (David, 2009)1.3 Real examplesFigure 1 shows the Malaysia income inequality stands at 46.21%, this indicates the income inequality is an issue because of race issue. Malaysia is strong in tourism and manufacturing sectors but still due the race discrimination influencing the income inequality so its a big impact on low income communities (Bligh, Philip, 2004)Figure 1 Malaysia inequality solution www.economic Planning.pdfFigure 2 sows the income inequality due to different race situations at its effects. The income inequality is also creating the social balance in Malaysia. This is also touch on the economic condition in Malaysia (Wilkinson, Harry, 2010)Figure 2 Coefficient of MalaysiaSource www.economic Planning.pdfThe Malaysia income inequality towards low income community must bat because to controls the social impacts labor market issues and low income community wealth point of view so the government politics to take action with proper budget allocate to provide education, training to low income community. So it is reckons that the gap must be solve because to reduce social problems among low income communities. It also helps the low income community wealth and health of living styles and environment.Muziliza, (2012) Malaysia putrajaya must look into being in defense force about wealth inequality and shed light on that hardship and poverty are also fuelling corruption, said the Sultan of Perak, Sultan Nazrin Shah, he said the low earnings of a vast majority of households and noted that those struggling to deal ends meet were exposed to petty corruption.Farhana R (2013)Coloured communication on inequality in Malaysia, It was quite a clever title of respect putting the ripe undertone to a heavily coloured handling on inequality in Malaysia.Imbalances and inequality that have resulted in the past, persisted over time, or until now taken different shapes and sizes, is very much felt on the ground, pull down if we dont know enough to call it inequality the equivalent way inequality is studied by academics and policy makers across the globe.Question 22.1 Community Organizers ImportanceThe community organizers role is important to understand (Wilkinson, Harry, 2010) growing issues. Because the organizers must be plump fors to the governments to organize a schemes, programs and other order to supports the low income community meetings. (Stephen, Robbins Neil Barnwell, 2006)The organizers collect the proper information from the industrial authorities to encourage the low income communities towards improving skills and knowledge so that the low income group differences will be reduced form high income groups communities. (Bligh, Philip, 2004)Community organizers also change the environment by understanding individually, group so that it brings big changes with sup port of government policies and regulations. So the major requirement is education as a prime development for low income group (Peel, Jeffrey, 2008)Question 33.1 To know about the impact of these changes?As per the scenario the community organizers bring up the issue clearly develop proper plan to solve the impact on the changes. Even though the manufacturer provided proper resource to retailing the work force but the wage impact is an issue so the agencies as well as organizational authorities must be implement to support work force in terms of cost of living by providing subsidy system.(Wilkinson, Harry, 2010)The manufacture authorities are the responsible to support hands wage imbalance for living style so that must provide proper discount price products for hands. In addition to that encourage the workforce to increase production by issuing incentives (Gentle, Michael, 2011)3.2 what is being done to holler?Address towards community organizers are also responsible to ident ify the issues as method above impacts on low income communities such as gender discrimination. The gender discrimination also brings a big wage gap between the groups. So the community organizers identify the issues to organize tops with government authorities, organization authorities to simplify the issues.Community organizer also identify the current situation in U.S on the gap to solve by proper organization authorizes implementing support systems through organizing a special trainings to improve towards technological skills so that it will helps to the low income community groups.3.3 Who would you talk?U.S government are the major responsible to raise of income inequality, so the authorities must identify the strategy of income distribution, identify the labor mobility, identify the technology change like skills based approach identify the high income group inequalities and inequality geographically as shown in Figure 3.Figure 3 inequality status globallySourcehttp//www. htt p//www.businessinsider.com/why-income-inequalityThe governments are the responsible to measure the differences at various levels in income distribution and its weakness for example gender differences in inequalities is affected towards women community. So the governments are the responsible to argue with organization on minimum wage affects towards women services at different levels.4. ConclusionIn this assignment conclusion community organizer approach must understands that the income inequality impacts low income community is due to various factors such as policy-making , economic, technological , social and ethical issues, so the community organizers request authorities are to identify the issues such as technological must support to the low income community to bring up better position in wealth.5. ReferencesFoss, M Bryan, M (2012), International global Services, capital of the United Kingdom Milford, CT Kogan Page,pp12-325.Gentle, K Michael, G (2011), Globalization Behavior Principles handbook building realistic expectations and managing Risk. London Kogan Page, pp45-121.David, C (2009), Introduction Global Environment Boston, MA Springer, pp9-126.BusinessDictionary.com, (2014). What is income inequality? comment and meaning. online Available at http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/income-inequality.html Accessed 6 Oct. 2014.Stephen P Robbins and Neil Barnwell, R (2006), Global Environment Theory, Australia Pearson Education, pp12-276Bligh, B Philip. U (2004), Global Environment Policies, Hoboken, N.J. Wiley, pp23-62.Muziliza, (2012) Malaysia putrajaya must stop being in denial about wealth inequality and realise that hardship and poverty are also fuelling corruption, from http//www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article.Farhana R (2013). Coloured discourse on inequality in Malaysia, It was quite a clever title putting the right undertone to a heavily coloured (racial) discourse on inequality in Malaysia. From http//www.themalaysianinsider.c om/books/article/coloured-discourse-on-inequality-in-malaysia

Degradation of Blood Sourced Dna on Knives

Degradation of logical argument Sourced Dna on KnivesPersistence of deoxyribonucleic acid An examination of abjection of occupation sourced desoxyribonucleic acid on knives, by category substances and the rhetorical implicationsA retrospect of relevant and current peer-reviewed literatureContents (Jump to) relative incidence of homicidesKnife discourtesy rhetorical presumptive interrogationsPhenolphthalein and LeucomalachiteFalse positivesLuminolLuminol editionsFalse positives deoxyribonucleic acidqPCRSingleplexMultiplexRFLPSTRsLCN progress techniquesForensic MarkersGeneral Household dry cleanersBl distributivelyes detergentAll-purpose immaculateAnti-Bacterial disinfectantSimilar studiesResearch cast outlineReferencesFiguresFigure 1. Incidence of homicide victims and impeach 2003-2013 dining tablesTable 1.Homicide figures and methods of killing from 2003-2013Table 2.Homicide methods in Lothian and Borders 2006-11AbbreviationsCODIS Combined deoxyribonucleic acid index out lineDNA Deoxyribonucleic acidLCN secondary copy topicLMG Leucomalachite chiliadPCR Polymerase range answerqPCR Real time Polymerase cooking stove receptionRFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphisnsSGM Second generation multiplexSTR go around tandem repeatOften later an assault with a weapon, i.e. a stabbing or murder, renders are made to clean and or dismiss of the weapon utilise. The approximately readily available weapon is a clapper, whether the round off is pre-planned or spur of the moment, knifes are easily available to barter for and are as well, let on and parcel with every dwelling house i.e. kitchen.Incidence of homicidesIncidences of homicide in Scotland are at the low-downest point for ten eld, having dropped from 109 in 2003 to 62 in 2013, as seen in Figure 1.Fig 1. Incidence of homicide victims and acc utilize 2003-2013 (ScotGov, 2013)Table 1. Homicide figures and methods of killing from 2003-2013 (ScotGov, 2013)Table 1 shows that homi cide using a incisive instrument is the most coarse method, at the highest point in 2010-11 was 61% and at the lowest point in 2005-06 was 35.79%.Knife wickednessTable 2 shows that more than half (58.2%) of the murders committed in Lothian and borders between 2006 and 2011 used a kitchen knife.Table 2. Homicide methods in Lothian and Borders 2006-11, Adapted from (Kidd, Hughes and Crichton, 2013)Forensic presumptive testsForensic presumptive tests hindquarters be used at scenes of crimes for various reasons. They can test to see what a substance might be i.e. drugs, blood. thither are various reagents available for use in the presumptive testing for the presence of blood at a crime scene, using wide-ranging types of reactions.Phenolphthalein and LeucomalachitePhenolphthalein is the main reagent used in the Kastle-Meyer presumptive test for blood. This test is primarily used one unidentifiable stains, therefore this is used upon visible (patent) samples.The Kastle-Meyer test is a catalytic method, the phenolphthalein will cause an alkaline solution to pass pink after its oxidation by peroxide when blood is present. concord to (Johnston et al., 2008), it will detect blood as dilute as 1 part in 10,000.False positivesThere are several counterfeit positives for the test and these include harmonize to (Virkler and Lednev, 2009) chemical oxidants and fruit and may withal include vegetable peroxidases.(Garofano et al., 2006), show that the Kastle-Meyer, Phenolphthalein, test is not as clear to blood as Luminol, which is stated as detectable to 1 part in 10,000,000.Leucomalachite Green or LMG is another widely used catalytic method to presumptive test for blood. It works by the same regulation as Kastle-Meyer with the exception of the stain universe gently rubbed with filter piece of music directing the reagent. After no colour has developed hydrogen peroxide is again added as in Kastle-Meyer and a green colour change in this case is in indicative of th e presence of Blood. Johnston et al, also state that Leucomalachite green has a sensitivity similar to that of Phenolphthalein, 1 part in 10,000.LuminolLuminol is a forensic presumptive test for latent blood, i.e. blood which cannot be seen. aversion scenes are often cleaned afterwards by the perpetrator in an attempt to hide any(prenominal) evidence of what had occurred. Luminol allows crime scene investigators to see the teeming picture at a cleaned crime scene.Webb et al, 2006, State that Luminol is known as the most sensitive of the presumptive tests currently used at crime scenes.Luminol variationsAccording to (Patel and Hopwood, 2013) There are two more commonly used Luminol formulations. These formulations were developed by Grodsky in 1951, Luminol I, and weber in 1961, Luminol II.Luminol I or the Grodsky formulation uses a tooshie of sodium carbonate and sodium perborate as the oxidising agent. However Luminol II or the Weber formulation uses a base of sodium hydroxide a nd hydrogen peroxide as its oxidising agent.Commercial luminol products work become more readily available in the recent years and brands such as BlueStar and BlueStar Magnum and Lumiscene, have come onto the market. These products offer the advantage of being easier to prepare than the more traditional formulations.However according to (Quinones et al., 2007) The Grodsky formulation of Luminol I can have a detrimental lay out on the power to subsequently perform DNA analytic thinking in comparison to the Weber and BlueStar alternatives.False positivesLuminols sensitivity may be an advantage at finding the smallest drop of blood, but it is also its downfall.DNADNA is without incertitude the greatest scientific discovery of forensic use to date.PCRAkane et al., 1994 investigated the role haemitin from blood played in interfering with DNA and in inhibiting the polymerase chain reaction. This early study suggested that a haem-blood protein complex caused inhibition issues to the po lymerase chain reaction and forwarded the investigations into a more reliable PCR technique.qPCRqPCR or real time polymerase chain reaction,RFLPRFLP or Restriction Fragment Length PolymorphismsSTRsSTRs or Short tandem repeats, are genetic markers which were first discovered in the early 1990s. (Edwards et al., 1992) Showed that STRs were an good tool when used for human identity testing. They showed that there were enough variation through alleles for individuals to be positively identified.STR profile works by canvass sizes of the sample DNA STRs with standardized databased allelic ladders.New alleles are tranquilize being discovered with variations in size which may not be found in commercially available ladders.LCN(Gill et al., 2000) explain that LCN or low copy number, in a PCR amplification technique which can be applied to DNA samples with as little as Kloosterman Kersbergen, 2003, explain that 28 + 6 improved efficacy of DNA sample genotyping. Their 34 cycles/second PCR technique instead of the normal 28 PCR cycles offered an alternative approach to genotyping forensic DNA samples, which are perhaps low woodland or degraded.Low copy number analysis of DNA is not without problems. The most common issues with LCN are allelic drop-out, heterozygote imbalance, stutter peaks/products and unexpected allelic peaks.Allelic drop-out falter productsForensic MarkersIn the US a system known as CODIS is used for DNA profiling. CODIS uses 13 loci and Amelogenin. The loci used are CSF1PO, FGA, TH01, TPOX, VWA, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, and D21S11.The DNA profiling system used in the UK is SGM Plus (SGM+). This system looks at 11 different loci on different chromosomes (independent inheritance) with a large number of alleles. As well as looking at Amelogenin, the sex marker, the SGM+ includes the markers D2S1338 and D19S433 along with octonary CODIS overlapping loci FGA, TH01, VWA, D3S1358, D8S1179, D16S539, D18S51, and D21S11. (Cotton et al., 2000) Validated the most recent 11 loci STR DNA analysis method for use in standard forensic casework. The technique was also validated for use in casework involving 1ng of DNA, i.e. LCN.HUMVWFA31/A (vWA)HUMTHO1 (THO1)HUMFIBRA (FGA)General Household CleanersIf you have committed a crime, disposing or destroying of the evidence is more than presumable your next step. More often than not this is problem faced by forensic scientists, that a deliberate attempt to remove any of the biologic material i.e. evidence, blood, using a variety of cleaning materials. Most lot store their cleaning supplies in their kitchen or bathroom, so general household cleaners are to be examined.Every household will contain basic cleaning materials such as decolorizees, detergents, disinfectants and perhaps multi-cleaners. Cleaning materials not only have the ability to potentially cause contamination to of any of the surviving evidence but also to degrade any DNA which may still be pres ent on the evidence. Degradation of the DNA will make it difficult to produce and gain a profile which could be used to link the weapon to the crime.BleachesBleaches can cause some problems at crime scenes, thanks to the American television show iniquity Scene Investigation (CSI Las Vegas) most people will know that bleach renders the forensic presumptive blood tests pretty much useless. According to (Harris et al., 2006), by of all the cleaning products on the market bleach also has the most harmful effect on the quality of DNA available to triumph a profile. They also state that bleach seemed to cause continued degradation of the DNA over time. Common brands of household bleaches include Domestos, Harpic, Mr Muscle, Cif and Supermarket own brands. detergentCommon brands of household detergents include Fairy, Imperial leather, Carex, Daz and Bold.Anti-Bacterial disinfectantCommon brands of household anti-bacterial disinfectant include Dettol, Savlon, TCP and supermarket own bra nds.Similar studiesResearch project outlineThis study aims to investigate whether the knife substrate has any effect on the quantity of DNA retained on the weapon after an assault whether deliberate attempts to remove any biological material, using a variety of household cleaning materials, affect the quality and quantity of DNA that is recoverable and if DNA is recovered from a weapon, whether it was signly detected by presumptive blood tests.The knife substrates used here were, 18 Kitchen knife and 20 Serrated kitchen knife.The household cleaning materials were as follows, Bleach (Domestos), Detergent (Fairy) and Anti-Bacterial disinfectant (Dettol).Blood samples are to be applied to the blade of each knife, it should be allowed to air dry and then cleaned until no blood or residues thereof are visible. Each knife should then again be allowed to air dry and be mopbed using a double swab technique.Each cleaning material is applied to the two different knife substrates and the pair s are numbered 3-18, with knife set 1 2 being control, the initial DNA for comparison should be swabbed before the control knifes are dry and washed with warm water only. Cleaning materials should be used according to the manufacturers guidelines.PCR will be performed on the extracted samples usingThe control samples will be used to examine which was the largest contributing factor in compromising the quality and/or quantity of the sample gained.ReferencesThe Scottish Government, (2013) Statistical Bulletin, Homicide in Scotland 2012-13, Online procurable https//alpha.scotland.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/417/Homicide_in_Scotland_2012-13_statistical_bulletin.pdf Accessed 02/10/2014Cotton, E. A., Allsop, R. F., Guest, J. L., Frazier, R. R., Koumi, P., Callow, I. P., Seager, A., and Sparkes, R. L. (2000) Validation of the AMPFlSTR SGM plus system for use in forensic casework. Forensic Sci Int. Vol.112(2-3), pp.151-61.Edwards, A., Hammond, H. A., Jin , L., Caskey, C. T., and Chakraborty, R. (1992) Genetic variation at five trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeat loci in four human commonwealth groups. Genomics. Vol.12(2), pp.241-53.Garofano, L., Pizzamiglio, M., Marino, A., Brighenti, A., and Romani, F. (2006) A comparative study of the sensitivity and specifity of luminal and fluorescein on diluted and aged bloodstains and subsequent STRs typing. International intercourse Series. Vol.1288(0), pp.657-659.Gill, P., Whitaker, J., Flaxman, C., Brown, N., and Buckleton, J. (2000) An investigation of the austereness of interpretation rules for STRs derived from less than 100 pg of DNA. Forensic Sci Int. Vol.112(1), pp.17-40.Harris, K. A., Thacker, C. R., Ballard, D., and Court, D. S. (2006) The effect of cleaning agents on the DNA analysis of blood stains deposited on different substrates. International Congress Series. Vol.1288(0), pp.589-591.Johnston, E., Ames, C. E., Dagnall, K. E., Foster, J., and Daniel, B. E. (2008) Comparison of presumptive blood test kits including hexagon OBTI. J Forensic Sci. Vol.53(3), pp.687-9.Kidd, S., Hughes, N., and Crichton, J. (2013) Kitchen knives and homicide A systematic study of people charged with murder in the Lothian and Borders character of Scotland. Med Sci Law. Vol.54(3), pp.167-173.Patel, G., and Hopwood, A. (2013) An evaluation of luminol formulations and their effect on DNA profiling. Int J Legal Med. Vol.127(4), pp.723-9.Quinones, I., Sheppard, D., Harbison, S., and Elliot, D. (2007) comparative degree Analysis of Luminol Formulations. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal. Vol.40(2), pp.53-63.Virkler, K., and Lednev, I. K. (2009) Analysis of personify fluids for forensic purposes From laboratory testing to non-destructive rapid confirmatory identification at a crime scene. Forensic Science International. Vol.188(13), pp.1-17.

Force Measurment System Based On Strain Gauges Engineering Essay

Force Measurment System Based On pedigree Gauges Engineering EssayIn this subprogram at that place willing be a employ of a examine standard of measuring device which experiences a change of electric opposite when it is assayed. purport, build and test a draw off sen faultg element development blood gauges argon provided, as sanitary as development of the appropriate combination of strain gauges with other electrical ing goingients to line up an electric potentiality or contemporary representing tensile, compressive or bending strain, unneurotic with means of displaying and/or recording its think of, is a strain gauge system.TasksDesign and build a strain gauge ground describe sensor based on a preservetilever purport or otherwise. human body an appropriate VI that can be employ to carry place in all(prenominal)(prenominal) tests on the sensor. experimentally evaluation of the rig/force reposition functions of the sensor. Include linearity, hysteresi s, sensitiveness, accuracy and repeatability in the evaluation.Calculation the expected theoretical produce set of the sensor and compression them with the experimental results obtained to a higher place.Investigate the effect of temperature on the accuracy of the sensor. Based on this investigation suggest a temperature allowance scheme to improve the per put to get toance of the sensor.Build an appropriate VI that trails the end product of the sensor and display the result in appropriate units.Part IExplain how the AC Power (wattmeter) measuring is carried out at NPL. cast a oppose p good deal of the measuring rod system use. You should include the bugs of uncertainties in your discussion.Volts, Amps, Watts, VARs and Power Factor argon essential fundamental quantities which must be mensurable accurately in collection to optimize the control and bringing of electric jacket crown executive.Definition of electrical military forceAt a stipulation second gear, when a veri hold over i travels from reference G to receiver Rin the pedagogy defined by the potential v delivered by the generator (figure 1), the instant(prenominal) power supplied to the receiver R is correspond to produce v.i. name author ReceiverIf the potential and current be DC, the mean power V.I is equal to the instantaneous power V.I. If the voltage and current be sinusoidal AC, in that respect is generally a phase shift amongst the voltage and the current (figure 2).The instantaneous value of voltage v and current (I) have the formv = V slime romaine lettuce ti = Imax cos (t )Where , the pulse, is comparative to the absolute frequency F ( = 2F). emblem phase shift amid the voltage and the currentThe instantaneous power has a value of Vmax . Imax . cos . cos (t ). You must take the average value of this product during a period to obtain the expression of the power provided by generator G to receiver R. This power is called the active power and is express b y the formulaThe wattmeter provide the expression of this product, either by causing a deviation of the pointer in the case of a device with an electrodynamics wretched coil, or by supplying a DC current or a voltage proportional to the product in the case of electronic wattcmeters this current or this voltage is because applied to an analogue or digital display.The existence of a phase shift between the current and the voltage leads, for AC currents, to the introduction of 3 additional quantities- The apparent power S = Veff . Ieff, in VA (volt-amperes), defining the voltage Veff not to be exceeded (insulator break charge, development in core loss) and the intensity Ieff circulating in the receivers.- The power factor inWhen the current and voltage are sinusoidal quantities- The reactive power Q = Veff . Ieff . sin , in rva (reactive volt-amperes).The latter may be directly measured by a wattmeter if for voltage Vmax . cos t we substitute a phase-shifted voltage of /2, i.e. Vm ax x cos (t /2).The mean product measured will be Vmax . Imax . cos (t /2) x cos (t ) which is expressed byVmax. Imax Q = cos (/2 ) = Veff . Ieff . sin 2Knowing P and Q, we can calculate the apparent power and the power factor unornamented power S = P2+Q2Power factor PF = P/S = P/P2+Q2Knowing the parameters defined above active power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor, is fundamental in electrical engineering and enables accurate calculation of the characteristics of the equipment utilise yield, load, cos , utilization limits. The wattcmeters used for these measurements are classified in trine major families electrodynamics and electronic.Digital Sampling Watt MeterIn NPL the digital try out AC wattcmeters, which are used for calibration work, each pick out the generation of sample timing pulses suitably locked to the frequency of the AC which is to be measured. Repetitive waveforms representing the instantaneous test voltage and test current are digitised at eq ual time intervals of time harmonically related to the period of the waveforms. A new NPL standard wattmeter calibrator incorporates improved sample timing generation. It uses a crystallization digital oscillator to govern both the sample timing and the AC source frequency. This avoids reliance on timing interpolation uniformity within an introduce period only digital frequency dividers are needed. Alternatively, commercial frequency synthesizers can be used, with a common master frequency, to give sampling and signal frequencies. Either alternative allows digital phase control, and reduces the use of special-purpose clearcutness analogue electronics.AC power wattmeter and voltmetersFigure AC Power amount by samplingPower measuring at NPL is based on a digital sampling technique. This works by using a pair of analogue to digital converter (ADC) to take instantaneous samples of the several(prenominal) voltage and current waveforms involved in measuring by multiplying the patte rn pairs, the instantaneous power can be established and by averaging instantaneous over a defined interval the average power of that interval can be arranged.Figure Sampling WattmeterThis technique relies on the capital punishment of the ADC in terms of its exactness and its ability to take samples at light instant in time. To meet these requirements NPL has developed an ADC system based on the fastest shape of ADC, lastn as a blaze converter. Unfortunately, these devices are of circumscribed resolution and to overcome this limitation they are included in configuration that uses a Digital to Analogue Converter (ADC). This organized unanimous makes employ the repetitive properties of the waveforms of attention where single rape is extremely akin to the spare-time activity round.Figure Phantom PowerThe computer takes a guesswork at the signal level at a stated moment on the waveform. This digital guess is accurately born-again to voltage using the DAC. The guess can then be compared to the incoming signal at the required dot in time and the mistake voltage is converted using the blaze converter and passed back to the computer. Because the waveforms are assumed to be repetitive the computer can improve its say for the following(a) round of the waveform using the mistake knowledge from the former round. In this carriage the computers conjecture converges on digital reproduction of the input waveform. This reproduction can then be used for AC voltage, current measuring.Figure NPL ADC nonrepresentationalTwo of these ADC systems are used for single-phase measuring. They are used in conjecture with transducers that change unlike levels of voltage and current to the working signal levels of the ADCs. In organization to present traceability all of these components require single calibration and characterisation. misgiving ContributionAny estimation of uncertainties must start by identifying all significant contributions. There may be several sources of wr ongful conduct in a measurement where the magnitude of the error could be quantified. Where these can be identified, they should be corrected such that only the residual unknown component contributes to the uncertainty of the measurement. Using the importation of DC voltage from a higher(prenominal) level laboratory as an example, there will be the following uncertainty components standardisation UncertaintyTransportation constancy with TimeStability with TemperatureNoiseUsually the measurement techniques used will ensure salubrious defined conditions and minimize essence effects such that the main contributions listed above will be the only significant ones.Calibration UncertaintyCalibration uncertainty is a significant contribution and is usually reported on the certificate of calibration issued by other organization i.e. the national laboratory. kind of reasonably, the national laboratory is beyond the control of other commercial organizations and there is little that can be done by the customer to valuate the uncertainty reported as a single value on the certificate. For this reason the calibration uncertainty is usually treated as a type B contribution. The reported uncertainty may vary jolly for each calibration and will usually be at a 95% minimum confidence level.Part IIForce measurement system based on strain gaugesIntroductionA pocke flurry product based of strain gauge is contriveed in this part of the assignment, force measurement based on strain gauge. Two strain gauges committed properly on each side of a brand name cantilever these two strain gauges are a part of a resistance combination called Wheatstone bridge supplied by 5V. The outfit of this enlistment connected to data encyclopaedism card through an amplification locomote. A depressive disorder pass filter overlap provided. The circuit has been designed and calculated then built on a PCB supplied by power supply device. besides the circuit has been tested and practically o perated using suitable burdens (UK 1 cent to 10 pence) ten coins have been used. Data acquisition card used to pass the results to the computer. LabVIEW software was the tool used for monitoring the results. fund gaugeAs an external forces applied to an object, this will produce a essay and strain. That means the metal object will be compressed and the resistance of the metal will increase, while the resistance will decrease if the metal stretched. By using this feature of a specific metal force measurement sensor bas been built. This called strain gauge. The design of a force measurement system was based on strain gauges because as the name implies they are used for measurement of strain. The strain gauge is attached to the object by a suitable adhesive, such as superglue as battle arrayn belowStrain gauge mounted on component under testFigure strain gauge glued on cantilever1Strain gauge operationGenerally electrical resistance (R) of a metal fit is proportional to the length (L) and inversely proportional to the area (A) as accustomed by (where is the resistivity).The change in resistance in a strain gauge of resistance R is nearly proportional to the applied strain. ref9 thuslyK is constant known as the gauge factor which is the sensitivity to strain.Strain . The gauges used in this report have K=2100.02Figure (2) shows loaded cantilever BeamSG 1SG 2LFXFigure stain gauge keep mum plat2The gauges are glued at a distance (L-X) from the load, a load of trade m and weight mg is suspended from the cantilever beam. The beam has thickness t and width w and is made from stainless vane with a young modulus. The calculated strain due to the suspended mass is. thence the relative change in the resistance of the strain gauge is apt(p) by.Wheatstone nosebandThe change of the resistance of the strain gauges is real down(p) so the strain gauges have to be connected in a Wheatstone bridge shown in figure (6). The gauge glued on cover of the beam is in ten sion, the gauge glued underneath the beam is in compression, hence strain causes equal and opposite resistance changes in the gauges. By using two gauges the effects of temperature regenerations on the gauge resistance are cancelled.The bottom end of the bridge circuit is connected to the ground, the circuit is power by the bridge excitation voltage VEX applied to the top side of the bridge.Figure Wheatstone bridge3If the strain increases the resistance of Gauge ace from R to R + then the resistance of Gauge Two is reduced from R to R . Hence the voltage VG is given byTo equipoise the Wheatstone bridge the Zero Adjust resistor is adjusted to produce a voltage of VADJ . ref11 Therefore the outturn voltage V0 of the Wheatstone bridge is given bySubstitutingThen locomote design detailsFigure Circuit designThis circuit is designed and built by a team of three students and its a number of stages as shown in the block plot belowTwo strain gauges connected on a Wheatstone bridge. ref inement circuitLow pass filter circuit (RC circuit).Data acquisitionLabVIEW software based on ComputerStrain GaugesWheatstone bridge involution CircuitFilter (RC)D.AQComputer ScreenFigure circuit block diagram face onePre-circuit has been designed and built which is consists of two strain gauges of resistance of 120 of each glued on the cantilever. Wheatstone bridge provided with R1,R2 of 1k of each and powered by 5v. The figure below show the circuit diagram of first stage.Figure First stage circuit connectionThe circuit above is a half bridge while the sidetrack voltage will be asand the object that are used to be measured by the strain gauge sensor is the UK pennies as shown in figure and the mass for it is 3.5 gram.Calculations bridge output voltageL = 140mm,x = 50mmw = 8mmt = 0.5mmE = 210GpaG = 2The maximum loading force that the Cantilever can handle isWhere is the Fatigue strength for steel?Since,Then,Kgm = 204 gramSo the maximum mass that courses the max force is 204gramS inceG=2Vs=5VSoThen0.219485 mV0.43897 mV0.658455 mV0.87794 mV1.097425 mV1.31691 mV1.536395 mV1.75588 mV1.975365 mV2.19485 mVThe following table shows the calculated valuesCalculated valuesNo of coins large number (gram)0013.527310.5414517.5621724.5828931.51035The figure shows the simile between the mass of the coins and the calculated output voltage of the bridge circuit. map 1. The apprisal between the mass and O/p voltagesSecond StageIn this stage an amplification circuit is needed in order to increase the output voltage to a range of 0 10 v as an input to the data acquisition, INA126 OP AMP has been used with a gain resistance of around 80 ohms to get a meter amplification ratio, the following figure show the op amp circuit diagramFigure Op amp circuit diagramAccording to the data sheet, and from the table shown above the gain of the circuit can be adjusted by varying the Gain Resistor RG. The gain 1000 needed could be done by using or adjusting the gain resistance RG to be 80. 4 (variable resistor has been used).And the following calculations proves the value of the Gain Resistor RGSinceSothird stageFigure Low pass filter circuitAs show in circuit diagram, an RC filter with a components of C= 22uF and R = 10 k ohms. The calculation below shows that this filter values is above the maximum frequency of the expected values from the dc components and to guarantee to get rid of the voltage spikes.The frequency value is about 1 Hz.Measuring the Bridge output voltageAs the circuit has been connected, start measuring the output of the Bridge circuit for each number of coins.Measurement valuesNo of coinsMass (gram)0013.527310.5414517.5621724.5828931.51035And the chart bellow shows the parity between the mass of the pennies and the measured output voltage of the bridge circuit.Chart 2. The relation between the mass and O/p voltagesThe chart above shows the relation between the mass of the coin with the output voltage values, it can be clearly seen that there is a non-linearity with the chart and this caused by the non accurate measures. The red line is the trend-line which used to simulate the real linearity for the chart.The following table shows the results of the output of the amplification circuitMeasurementNo of coinsMass (gram) fruit of the Bridge in (mV)00013.50.20270.41310.50.624140.83517.51.126211.42724.51.578281.78931.51.9310352.21Experimental proceduresProceduresConnecting and implementing the circuit as shown in the circuit connection scrutinying the circuit if its workingMake sure of the output of the bridge is set to 0V. cast the coins (penny) on the beam and observe the output of the circuit, if the circuit it works, go to next step.The bellow picture shows the penny which has been used as the weights to be measured in the experiments. The weight of this penny is 3.5. That should be taken into account in the calculations.Figure UK PennyData acquisitionLab View has been used to simulate the operation of the circuit. Lab view i s a measurement screening which uses a variety of data acquisition hardware. The following Figure shows the block diagram consisting of the DAQ assistant and some numerical representation of the number of coins and weight in grams with the ability to adjust the offset.The bellow pictures showing how the practical work had been carried and what stage we did carry to finish this piece of workIntegrating all the circuits had been justified and connecting the output to the LabVIEW by the data acquisition. LabVIEW screen shots below show the real practical results of the circuitFigure LabVIEW simulationOutput values with no load on cantileverFigure output value with on loadScreen shots for some valuesWhen taken the results another test has been done by exchange the cantilever upside down and negative results found. And the following LabVIEW screen shot result show the output voltage with 10 coins on, with both negative and positive resultsFigure output of 10 coins (negative and positive )Results and AnalysisNoof coinsTest 1Test 2Test 3Test 4Test 5Test 6Test 7Test 8Test 9Test 10Mean (Average)Standard Deviation10.200.240.230.210.220.230.240.250.260.200.2280.0204420.410.470.430.420.390.380.410.440.490.420.4260.0337330.620.710.690.640.630.620.650.640.630.610.6440.0320440.830.780.810.830.830.820.790.720.750.820.7980.0379551.121.211.181.191.091.051.171.161.151.111.1430.0496861.421.371.341.251.231.221.281.181.211.411.2910.0874971.571.811.791.711.641.621.671.661.611.561.6640.0846281.801.791.811.771.691.671.691.631.671.811.7330.0692991.931.992.012.051.991.991.891.931.971.921.9670.04855102.212.292.322.282.202.262.162.262.102.212.2290.06624Maximum Experimental ErrorThe maximum experimental error in the expected value of Vo using the formulaThe error in our application was acceptable and its expected, many factors may require the results especially temperature affect as the strain gauge based on resistance variation of the metal which affected by temperature.Self evaluationDu ring working on this mini project I have learn a lot according to sensors application specially strain gauges application, and how we could make use of the sensors and how to design a circuit by choose the suitable components as come up as improving the output results of the circuit. With the help from the tutor Dr Ahmed we succeed to design and built the circuit.The team which I was involved to do the work with was very(prenominal) good as very accomplish to finish the work as soon as possible. Working on teams has so many advantages as the work would be split to save the time. The designing and the building for the circuit didnt take much time, by the time we finished the design we started to take the measuring and the readings for the outputs.Working on new software like the LABVIEW was very challenge because its the first time for me to get use to this software and a very hard work has been taken to carry some tutorials and know how the software is work. As this software is ve ry wide in use and has everything that the engineer can have the benefit from the use of such tremendous software.ConclusionA mini project has been designed and built based on strain gauge trying to perform what it is regarded as primary function like measuring the weight. Stain gauges are quite ingenuous in design. The circuit diagram of the design was designed in the MULTISIM electronic workbench software.All components were calculated to get suitable values as well as a typical calculation has been done for the results. The measurement values compared with the calculated values and a very small diametrical was provided as this is expected and acceptable.Lapview tool was the best software to simulate the output of the circuit where the output can be clearly achieved as well as we could multiply, divide and/or add factors to the output results value.

E-Commerce in India

E-Commerce in IndiaMarketing milieu in India is changing. The trend of marketplaceplaceing by the consumers has changed drastically from past 10 years till date. The local environment has changed in both infrastructural ,social,economic terms in india. This paper shows the cast up of the e- occupation market and profit marketing in india. Our findings show that the trend of profits marketing is on the rise among the confused section of hoi polloi of different age groups. This paper similarly refers to the several(a) causes of the emergence of these markets along with the steps that push aside be used to lift its development in Indian market. E- c formerlyrn is emerging as a unused market which can help in the economic evolution. This paper to a fault shows the types on material open on the meshing and how it is used as an medium for marketing.INTRODUCTIONE affair or electronic craft is defined as the sale and bribe of goods and services done net profit as the med ium through the different sites on the meshwork. Electronic vocation refers to expansion of the buisness market and maintaining the relationship with the clients by using tele communication ne devilrks . E affair has led to a shift in the buisness environment in the world including india.india ia still a developing nation. The growth and development of e employment will be snappy for the growth and develpment of nation. In india the users of computers and internet pass water increased drastically from 1995 to 2013. Now the entire buisness scenario has changed as all(prenominal) social function has do online immediately. Most of the buisness activi describes argon related to internet e.g. internet physician,virtual commerce,cyber commerce. All these adjudge been possible collectable to the use of internet. As we say that the world is a world(a) village has been possible due to advancement in the communication servicesprofit growth has been regarded as the main cause of t he new-made developments, much(prenominal) as decreased margins for companies as consumers turn more than than and more to the internet to buy goods and demand the best monetary values. E-commerce provides various benefits to the consumers as goods argon available at lower greet, variety of choices are available and the tie of buyer is also saved. People can buy goods and services at a mere click of the mouse button with out(a) moving out of their houses or offices. Similarly online services such as banking, ticketing (including airlines, bus, rail offices), bill payments, hotel involvement etc. have been proved a boon for the customers. Online businesses like pecuniary services, travel, slip intainment, and groceries are all on the verge of expansion.In the e commerce surgery the customer browses through internet to get the breeding well-nigh the desired crossroad/services.when the customer is completely satisfied by returns features,its advantages later on comparing it with other products then the order is placed for the desired product/services. Online transaction is done and then the interchange fellowship informs the customer nearly the payment and the lecture date is given.Some of the features of e commerce process areE commerce enables the companies to expand them globally. Everything can be change on internet regular(a) if the product is for smaller markets.It is time saving, de get it onry is done at a faster rate,reduces the cost of transportation.There is no time constraint.Consumer can easily compare pice and product effectively and efficiently.Consumer interaction with the association directly is also improved by quick feedback and small lambaste forms.E commerce refers to better and quick customer services. Due to the absence seizure of intermediaries, buying procedure is generally quicker.E commerce is also boosted by electronic fund transfer throughout the world.Because of all these features the e commerce industry in india has flourished at a mellowed rate,INTERNET USERS IN INDIADuring the past decade the no. of internet users has increased at a explosive rate. correspond to quantify of india, India had about 121 million internet users by December 2011,. Out of 121 million, 97 million are expected to be active profit users, who access Internet at least once in a month. a study by internet and alert Association of India (IAMAI) and IMRB said A 100 million internet users is considered a critical landmark for the country. With this internet use in India is expected to enter a critical period of growth with the possibility of becoming the largest internet using country in the world in this decade, .The economic times also stated that according to the Internet World Stats, India has achieved a 10.2% internet penetration at about 12.1 crore users as of December 2011. ESSS.jpg Einternet-usage-statistics-india- cholecalciferol-809.jpgAccording to the data given in this chart, the internet users in i ndia is increase year by year and in 2012 the number of internet users were cl million. These show that the use of internet in on a high among Indian masses.India has 13% of internet users in Asia and 7.36% that of the world. 70% of people who distinguish computer have used internet which is a healthy sign.According to the surveys of india in 2011, the future(a) facts were the main findings According Census 2011 of India there are 15.54 Million households (6.3% of total population) in India who have computer/laptops in their homes. so far Only 7.6 Million households (3.1% of total population)have laptops/ computers with internet.Maharashtra is the biggest Indian Internet market with 18% of Total Internet households followed by Tamil Nadu with 10%,Karnataka8.27% , U.P (Noida inclusive) 8.18%, Delhi 7.68% and Andhra Pradesh with 7.15%.Delhi/NCR inclusive of Noida and Gurgaon would however have much higher numbers.SHIFT IN THE merchandising PROCESS IN INDIAIn the ancient times the bu ying and interchange of things was done by barter system. Barter is a system in which exchange goods and services are directly exchanged for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money. now in this generation the marketing with the help of internet is on the rise.Most people can use the Web since it is affordable and easy to access. Internet is a fast and flexible means for marketing.Shopping on the Internet is satisfactory as there is no time restriction, it is comfortable since it is in a user friendly environment and there is also an instant propitiation of ordering, paying and delivering. A one-to-one basis, as well as, a two way communication with customers through the Internet is possible. Enhancing brand symbol, creating awareness and providing customer service are more important than just selling the products or entertaining customers. With better technologies, companies can create a stronger brand image and thus increase sales. On the other side, it is easier for customers to receive a material body of acknowledgement feeling that they did not waste their time . Nowadays, people live a busy life and shopping online is time consuming for them. The company also saves time since whenever a customer uses his/her credit card to bargain for a product.E-marketing is seen as a promotional as well as breedingal tool. This new era of commerce is beneficial for marketing logistics, a global presence, to establish and maintain a competitive edge, shorten components of supply chains, for cost savings and research advantage in india.Now companies like myntra, flipkart are providing cash on spoken communication to the customer which was not done before. This is a strategy which aims at payment only after the complete triumph of the customer. In this strategy the customer first receives the ordered product and he/she pays. This has been establish quite achieverful in India. If any problem is found in the product ordered,then i t gets replaced within a few days. Earlier the customers had to do advance payment which was not favourable in the provoke of the customer as many complaints were reported in the goods which they ordered. So in this way the companies are trying to attract the customers towards themselves to increase their sales. Cash on delivery is done by Credit Cards, Debit Cards, Netbanking, ITZ Cash Cards, Cheques, Demand Drafts or cash.E COMMERCE IN INDIAThe low cost of computers in india, a increase in the number of computer users,and a growing isp market are the main causes for the emergence of e copmmerce market in india.there has been a rise in number of companies taking up e commerce in india. The companies like ebay,myntra,flipkart,quikr,olx are some of the companies which have established their separate in the Indian e commerce market. All these sites are selling varieties of products,movies tickets,electronic gadgets,accessories,household items and much more. Now the stock exchange ha s also become online now. delivery of goods to consumers by couriers at a faster rate,moreover the quality of product delivered is satisfactory.Many indian banks are also using internet banking facilities.Indias economic industry is on a growth curve and is under(a)going a spurt in growth.The Online lead Industry is one of the biggest ingredient in ecommerce in india and is booming due largely to the Internet-savvy urban population. The online travel industry inclused some private firms such as Makemytrip, Cleartrip and Yatra. The government has also started IRCTC, which is a successful Indian Railways initiative. The online classifieds segment is also increasing. It is by and large divided into three sectors Jobs, Matrimonial and Real Estate. active Commerce is also growing rapidly and proving to be a unchangeable and secure accoutrement to eCommerce due to the record growth in mobile user arse in India, in recent years10.The online classifieds segment is broadly divided into three sectors Jobs, Matrimonial and Real Estate. Mobile Commerce is also growing rapidly and proving to be a stable and secure supplement to eCommerce due to the record growth in mobile user base in India, in recent years.A report by the Internet and Mobile Association of India has stated that Indiaa E-commerce market is growing at an clean rate of 70 percent annually and has grown over 500 percent since 2007. E-Tailing and digital downloads are expected to grow at a faster rate, while online travel will continue to rule the major proportion of market share. According to the third edition of eBay India census 2010 conducted crosswise 28 states and seven union territories, Gujarat has emerged as one of the top five-spot online shopping markets in the country. Gujarat which was be 7th in 2009,is now ranked 4th in after Maharashtra, Delhi and Tamil Nadu.Technology related products overshadow Indias domestic eCommerce, contributes 44% of totals eCommerce transactions according to the latest eBay Census.. Whereas, lifestyle product category dominates in the global trade contributes for 35% for online shopping. India is showing wonderful growth in the Ecommerce. Rival tradeindia.com has 700,000 registered buyers and it has the growth rate of 35% every year. The travel portal MakeMyTrip.com has attained Rs 1000 crores of turnovers which are around 20% of total e-commerce market in India.These facts also show that the e commerce market in india is also increasing per year. In 2012 the e commerce market size was about 50000 crores in india as compared to 1 billion in 2011.Apparently, more online users in India are willing to generate purchases through the Internet. Overall e-commerce industry is poised to experience a high growth in the next couple of years.The e commerce industry has the following major sectorsTravel- 51%E-Retailing-40%Cothiers-09%These are 3 major categories of e commerce market, travel being the largest among them.For online marketing t he websites also play a vital role. The websites should be informative, entertaining and unique. the attention of the customer must be captured as soon as possible. They should be understandable and easy to search information needed. Moreover, it must continuously be up-to-date for most recent information about the company.Companies also use different types of strategy to know what are the wants and needs of customers.Some of them are Product Strategy Brand perception is made clear on the Internet but the number of purchase is not there yet. Sometimes the products are not available on the Web site and consumers hesitate before getting this particular product. To increase their confidentiality, recognized vendors should be mentioned on the Net. Authenticity is important for both sellers and products.price Strategy In the long run, it will be better for the firms,if they can concentrate on offering products with the unique characteristics at the most fitting cost. Online shoppers differentiate the products/services by the benefits and quality . A low price strategy should rely on cost advantage and high book to be able to compete.Distribution Strategy There is a extremity of a direct-to-customer process. The industry has to be the first providing unique services to constantly be ahead of competitors as fast as possible to make a mark in the mind of customers.Promotional Strategy This depends on the marketing research and consumer preferences. It deals as how to companies want to promote their product. FAQ questions should be provided on the websites along with the advertisements on various sites such as you tube which is most widely used by the people.CONCLUSIONThe Internet network is a marketing channel used by advertisers, marketers, and society to find the adjust combination of marketing mix to suit the customers needs. It is important for a company of this age to have access to the Internet to be more successful. Internet marketing targets consumers and Internet advertisements client marketers from companies. People always find themselves under stress of works long hours and they do not have adequate time for social activities or even shopping. Thus E-commerce becomes an everyday thing and routine for them. E-mail is also famous for direct marketing in supporting E-commerce activities. Internet should be used with other media for a more effective marketing tool. Internet marketing will become even more important in the future. As more companies will have access to the Internet, they will start doing business over the Internet.Increase in the e commerces economy in india will be in some other dimension where customer focus, responsible business practices and innovation are the determinants of success and not only customer relationship. Security will not be an issue anymore because software companies, banks and credit card institutions are working hand in hand to improve Internet security. Companies need to cherish themselves in three areas data integrity, confidentiality of data and authenticity by place firewalls or routers. Customers will look for a business on the internet since there are unique opportunities for marketing a companys service, selling products and concourse information on the Net. This is the new era of innovation where everyone will be interacting on the Web. Live video session will be available and a prospective customer may be able to talk to a customer representative directly over the internet in the future will be more beneficial in the interest of customers.

Inherit The Wind Essay -- essays research papers

Inherit the WindThe main source of Inherit the Wind by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee is taking astand. The crook begins in Hillsboro, Tennessee when a man named Bertram Cates breaks the lawby teaching the veto Darwins Theory. The most famous orators of the time, MatthewHarrison Brady and Henry Drummond came to this small religious townsfolk of Hillsboro. Brady isprosecuting against Cates and Drummond is defending him. After days of battle, the verdict isfinally decided and Bertram Cates is comprise guilty. Many people take stands for different reasons. Some take stands to position a message outthat needs to be sent. That is what happened in this play. A man named Matthew Harrison Bradydid exactly that. A gray-haired man, he believes strongly in the Bible took the stand. Althoughhis partner Tom Davenport strongly disagreed with Bradys actions. Brady thought that thiswould expediency his trial. Your Honor, this is preposterous (page 75) said Davenport as he triesto object t o Drummonds attester (Brady). The judge believed the actions of Drummond to behighly unorthodox and claimed to have never cognise a prosecuting attorney to be called as awitness. Brady agreed replying,...

Elements of Fiction :: essays research papers

Elements of FictionThe Adventures of tomcat Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, is consider to be a fine example of the Statesn Literature. The book raised a lot of controversy, it was publish after the Civil War, and it talked about the reality of America and its society. Some of the Themes of the story are, Moral and Social Maturation, Societys Hypocrisy, and immunity through brotherly exclusion. At the opening of the novel, gobbler is engaged in and is gener bothy the organizer of childhood pranks and make-believe games. As the novel progresses, these ab initio consequence-free childish games begin to take on more and more gravity. Tom begins to lead himself, Joe Harper, Huck, and, Becky Thatcher into increasingly dangerous situations. He also finds himself in predicaments where he must put his concern for others above his concern for himself, such as when he takes Beckys punishment and when he testifies at Injun Joes trial. As Tom begins to take initiative to help ot hers instead of himself, he shows his increasing maturity, competence, and incorrupt integrity.Toms adventures to Jacksons Island and McDougals Cave take him away from society. These symbolic removals help to prepare him to revert to the village in a new, more adult relationship to the community. though early on Tom looks up to Huck as a good deal older and wiser, by the end of the novel Toms maturity has surpassed Hucks. Toms personal harvest-tide is evident in his insistence, in the face of Hucks desire to flee all social constraints, that Huck stay with the Widow Douglas and become civilized. Twain complicates Toms shoes on the border between childhood and adulthood by ridiculing and criticizing the set and practices of the adult world toward which Tom is heading. Twains harshest satire exposes the hypocrisy and often the necessary childishness of social institutions such as school, church, and the law, as well as public opinion. He also mocks individuals, although when do ing so he tends to be less(prenominal) biting and focuses on flaws of character that we understand to be universal.Twain shows that social authority does not always operate on wise, sound, or concordant principles and that institutions fall prey to the same kinds of mistakes that individuals do. In his depiction of families, Twain shows enatic authority and constraint balanced by parental delight in and indulgence. though the Widow attempts to restrain and punish Tom, Aunt Polly always goes soft because of her love for her nephew.

La Representación Social del SIDA Essay -- Spanish Essays

La subjetividad es un efecto de los lenguajes socialmente construdos, es una produccin de la cultura. El lenguaje crea y reproduce diferentes formas subjetivas de representacin social. A partir de Freud y Lacan, el lenguaje es pensado como un tejido slido, donde se constituye un juego de representaciones el juego en que el lenguaje tiene la tarea de representar el sujeto y el objeto, lo fsico y lo psquico, la fantasa y la realidad, la imaginacin y la percepcin. El sujeto es forjado en y por el lenguaje, porque ste determina su construccin subjetiva. Ser humano es pertenecer a una determinada organizacin normativa que nombra los valores con los cuales pautamos nuestras acciones en el mundo de los hombres.En este breve ensayo, analizar los vnculos que fueron establecidos entre sexualidad y muerte en la representacin social del SIDA. Pretendo argumentar que el concepto grupo de riesgocre una identidad epidemiolgica, y sta, a su vez, fue uno de los factores que transformaron el SIDA en epidemia.Comienzo citando el libro II de los Ensayos del filsofo renacentista Michel de Montaigne convert en Todo el nombre y la cosa. El nombre es la palabra que marca y significa la cosa no es parte de ella, a ella no se incorpora es un accesorio que se agrega, por fuera (19879). SIDA es un nombre, y como tal, designa un conjunto de elementos que se estructuran a niveles distintos. En la literatura mdica, SIDA nombra una constelacin patolgica que gira en la rbita de accin de un virus nombrado por las siglas HIV.El discurso mdico se sustenta en la lgica de la causalidad, y es eso lo que le confiere el grado de cientificidad. A travs de un mapeamiento de sntomas se busca el factor etiolgico. En ... ...xuales. El SIDA se torn la expresin de un visual virtual(prenominal) que contagia el juego-mquina entre saber-poder-placer. La sexualidad fue desplazada hacia la esfera de lo virtual, volvindonos aspticos, inmunizndonos a los vnculos afectivos... El discurso tecnolgico del sexo virtu al demuestra esos efectos de virtualidad representados por el SIDA. BibliografiaMontaigne, Michel Ensaios, Coleo Os Pensadores, traduo Srgio Milliet, 4 edio, So Paulo Nova Cultural, 1987.Camargo Jr., Kenneth Rochel de, As cincias da assist & a AIDS das cincias discurso mdico e a construo da AIDS, Rio de Janeiro Relum Dumar ABIAIMS, UERJ, 1994.Foucault, Michel, Histria da Sexualidade I A Vontade de Saber, Rio de Janeiro Graal, 5 edio, 1984.Baudrillard, Jean, A transparncia do mal ensaio sobre os fenmenos extremos, Campinas (S.P.) Papirus, 1990.

Argumentative Essay: We Must Eliminate Animal Testing :: Argumentative Example Essays

The practice of using animals for exam has been a controersial issue over the past thirty years. Animal testing is a morally debated practice. The forefront is whether animal testing is morally right or wrong. This paper bequeath present both sides of this issue as well as my hold sound judgment. Approximately two to four million animals have been used in safety tests. Safety tests are conducted with a wide range of chemicals and products, including drugs, vaccinums, cosmetics, home plate cleaners, and packing materials. This raises issues such as the ethics and humaneness of deliberately poisoning animals, consequently harming them, for the sake of marketing a new cosmetic or firm product. The Humane Society of the United States promotes research methods that can potentially replace, reduce, or refine animal use so that animals experience less suffering. An opinion poll was taken by the HSUS on September 23, 2001 on ail and distress in research. The findings were that 62% of people would approve of testing if puny or no pain was experienced by the animals, while 75% disapprove when severe pain is experienced. There is a moral filmdom spot in the treatment of animals that enable us to justify the cruelties for the perceive benefits of humans. Animals are living things. They have lungs which breathe, hearts which beat, and blood that flows. In fact, animals instinct of smell, sight, and sound is much more acute than our own. Therefore, we can assume that their sensitivity to pain is at least equal to ours. According to Hippocrates, The soul is the corresponding in all living creatures, although the body of each is different. This can go with the Duty Theory that states that every individual gets treated the same. The intentions of animal testing is not to harm the animals, but that is exactly what it does.In opposition of Hippocrates, others intend animals cannot be entitled to rights because they have no understanding and that testing on them is a necessity. A treatment to prevent scarring and loss of vision afterwards glaucoma surgery will soon be tried on patients. This was do possible using rabbits. Following successful studies on mice and rats, a vaccine for malaria is now being tested on people.There is a wealthiness of evidence showing that animal models are not accurate and cannot be relied upon for safety testing and disease research. Scientists and doctors recognize that while animals are biologically very similar to human beings, they are not identical.

The Underground Railroad :: essays research papers

The Underground dragoon lineOne of the closely shameful periods in narration was the institution of slavery in the ordinal century 2. Slavery was a divided issue in the 1800s. nigh slaves brought to America were known as low class battalion who could take away no good, but write up fails to state that galore(postnominal) of the slaves who came were people of many trades, ambitions, as well as de enclosureinations. The Underground railroad track had its earliest beginnings with romp slaves fleeing from the Southern United States into Canada. By confronting human bondage without direct demands or violence, the Underground Railroad vie a definite role in the destruction of slavery. The Underground Railroad was a term used to hunt a network of people who helped take flight slaves on their way to freedom. Supposedly, the term Underground Railroad originated when an enslaved runaway, Tice Davids, fled from Kentucky and may have taken refuge with tail Rankin, a White aboli tionist, in Ripley, Ohio. Determined to retrieve his property, the proprietor go after Davids to the Ohio River, but Davids suddenly disappeared without a trace, leaving his owner confused and query if the slave had "gone polish off on some underground road." The Railroad was begun as a dissolvent of the passing Slave Act of 1850 2. The Fugitive Slave Act demanded that if an escaped slave was sighted, he or she essential be turned in and sent back to the rightful owner 2. The Nation grew divided on the slavery question. The Fugitive Slave uprightness called for the return of bonded and indentured runaways, as well as freed African Americans. This be the protection of the freed slaves. Many northwestern American indentured slaves were freed after they had served their sentence after five to heptad years 6. Most runaways were males, however women and children did escape. Their total were smaller because they were more credibly to be captured. Yet, The Underground Railroad became the most dramatic protest put to death against slavery in United States memoir 2. The Railroad helped escaped slaves work on their way from the Southern states through the Federal states, into freedom. The Underground Railroad was run in America, yet it was not a railroad and was not underground. This railroad was for blacks escaping from slavery in the South. They were escaping to the free North, and to Canada where there was no slavery at all. The Underground Railroad lacked in testicle organization, relying on individuals or unhomogeneous groups.The Underground Railroad essays research text file The Underground RailroadOne of the most shameful periods in history was the institution of slavery in the nineteenth century 2. Slavery was a divided issue in the 1800s. Most slaves brought to America were known as low class people who could bring no good, but history fails to state that many of the slaves who came were people of many trades, ambitions, as well as determinations. The Underground Railroad had its earliest beginnings with runaway slaves fleeing from the Southern United States into Canada. By confronting human bondage without direct demands or violence, the Underground Railroad played a definite role in the destruction of slavery. The Underground Railroad was a term used to describe a network of people who helped escaped slaves on their way to freedom. Supposedly, the term Underground Railroad originated when an enslaved runaway, Tice Davids, fled from Kentucky and may have taken refuge with John Rankin, a White abolitionist, in Ripley, Ohio. Determined to retrieve his property, the owner chased Davids to the Ohio River, but Davids suddenly disappeared without a trace, leaving his owner confused and wondering if the slave had "gone off on some underground road." The Railroad was begun as a result of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 2. The Fugitive Slave Act demanded that if an escaped slave was sighted, he or she must be turned in and sent back to the rightful owner 2. The Nation grew divided on the slavery question. The Fugitive Slave Law called for the return of bonded and indentured runaways, as well as freed African Americans. This threatened the protection of the freed slaves. Many North American indentured slaves were freed after they had served their time after five to seven years 6. Most runaways were males, however women and children did escape. Their numbers were smaller because they were more likely to be captured. Yet, The Underground Railroad became the most dramatic protest action against slavery in United States history 2. The Railroad helped escaped slaves make their way from the Southern states through the northern states, into freedom. The Underground Railroad was operating in America, yet it was not a railroad and was not underground. This railroad was for blacks escaping from slavery in the South. They were escaping to the free North, and to Canada where there was no slavery a t all. The Underground Railroad lacked in formal organization, relying on individuals or various groups.

John Sirica and The Ammidown Murder Essay examples -- Law

When I discovered that my English class had to do a Research Paper, I became horrified. I thought students only did this when they were finishing graduate school not when they were starting their first year in college. All I knew about(predicate) research papers was that there is an overwhelming amount of research to do. In my efforts to complete this obstacle and not bore myself to sleep with researching, I cute to do an evoke topic, except I had no idea where to begin. I spent hours going through a great number of subjects and people, but once I found topic remotely interest, I could not find much information on the Library of Congress website. Therefore, I decided to choose one word that would hopefully lead me to an interesting topic. I set my search limits to manuscripts and searched the word hit. There, the first name at the top of the page was Sirica, John . John J. Sirica spent his younger years at Georgetown University studying virtue. He worked in a small law firm a s an attorney, but became active in Republican ships company politics. In 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated him, as the chief judge for the U.S. soil Court for D.C. Being chief judge Sirica did not use tralatitious methods in the courts, but instead used his own technique of acquiring to the bottom of the truth. He played a famous role in the Watergate Scandal and in the murder trial of Robert Louis Ammidown. Finally, I found an interesting topic that was worth sticking with. The court case United States v. Ammidown was entrancing to me, so I immersed myself into finding sources to support my research topic. I was subject to find secondary sources on the Montgomery College Catalog and through Google News. The giving Lance-Star pertaining to the case ... ...tp//news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19711022&id=GfRNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=14oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3630,6511498 (accessed April 19, 2012).The police were on a search for Tony lee who was accused of murder in the d eath of Linda Ammidown.The Free Lance-Star (Fredericksburg), Tony lee side Convicted of Murder. may 25, 1972. http//news.google.com/newspapers?id=4NpNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2YoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2403,4982008&dq=tony+lee+convicted&hl=en (accessed April 4, 2012).This contains an article on the conviction of Tony Lee by the chief Judge John Sirica.The Free Lance-Star (Fredericksburg), Two Brothers aerated in Ammidown Murder. March 16, 1972. http//news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19720316&id=iqlWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0ucDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7421,2169052 (accessed April 11, 2012).Richard Lee and Ralph Lee were arrested and charged for the murder of Linda Ammidown.